Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study
Physical processes play important roles in controlling eutrophication and oligotrophication. In stratified lakes, internal waves can cause vertical transport of heat and nutrients without breaking the stratification, through boundary mixing events. Such is the case in tropical Valle de Bravo (VB) re...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:b3d83d35727143569e707a531d11a6f42021-11-11T19:54:25ZVertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study10.3390/w132130112073-4441https://doaj.org/article/b3d83d35727143569e707a531d11a6f42021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/3011https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Physical processes play important roles in controlling eutrophication and oligotrophication. In stratified lakes, internal waves can cause vertical transport of heat and nutrients without breaking the stratification, through boundary mixing events. Such is the case in tropical Valle de Bravo (VB) reservoir lake, where strong diurnal winds drive internal waves, boundary mixing, and hypolimnetic warming during stratification periods. We monitored VB during 21 years (2001–2021) when important water-level fluctuations occurred, affecting mixing and nutrient flux. Stability also varied as a function of water level. Hypolimnetic warming (0.009–0.028 °C day<sup>−1</sup>) occurred in all the stratifications monitored. We analyzed temperature distributions and modeled the hypolimnion heat budget to assess vertical mixing between layers (0.639–3.515 × 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>), vertical diffusivity coefficient K<sub>Z</sub> (2.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–13.6 × 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and vertical nutrient transport to the epilimnion. Nutrient flux from the metalimnion to the epilimnion ranged 0.42–5.99 mg P m<sup>−2</sup>day<sup>−1</sup> for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and 5.8–101.7 mg N m<sup>−2</sup>day<sup>−1</sup> for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). Vertical mixing and the associated nutrient fluxes increase evidently as the water level decreases 8 m below capacity, and they can increase up to fivefold if the water level drops over 12 m. The observed changes related to water level affect nutrient recycling, ecosystemic metabolic balance, and planktonic composition of VB.Martín Merino-IbarraJorge A. Ramírez-ZieroldPatricia M. Valdespino-CastilloFermin S. Castillo-SandovalAndrea P. Guzmán-AriasMariel Barjau-AguilarEmiliano Monroy-RíosLuz M. López-GómezArantxa Sacristán-RamírezJosé G. Quintanilla-TerminelRoberto González-De ZayasJorge Jimenez-ContrerasMaría E. Valeriano-RiverosGloria Vilaclara-FatjóSalvador Sánchez-CarrilloMDPI AGarticleeutrophicationwater managementhypolimnetic warmingboundary mixingmixing eventsinternal wavesHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3011, p 3011 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
eutrophication water management hypolimnetic warming boundary mixing mixing events internal waves Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 |
| spellingShingle |
eutrophication water management hypolimnetic warming boundary mixing mixing events internal waves Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Martín Merino-Ibarra Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo Fermin S. Castillo-Sandoval Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias Mariel Barjau-Aguilar Emiliano Monroy-Ríos Luz M. López-Gómez Arantxa Sacristán-Ramírez José G. Quintanilla-Terminel Roberto González-De Zayas Jorge Jimenez-Contreras María E. Valeriano-Riveros Gloria Vilaclara-Fatjó Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study |
| description |
Physical processes play important roles in controlling eutrophication and oligotrophication. In stratified lakes, internal waves can cause vertical transport of heat and nutrients without breaking the stratification, through boundary mixing events. Such is the case in tropical Valle de Bravo (VB) reservoir lake, where strong diurnal winds drive internal waves, boundary mixing, and hypolimnetic warming during stratification periods. We monitored VB during 21 years (2001–2021) when important water-level fluctuations occurred, affecting mixing and nutrient flux. Stability also varied as a function of water level. Hypolimnetic warming (0.009–0.028 °C day<sup>−1</sup>) occurred in all the stratifications monitored. We analyzed temperature distributions and modeled the hypolimnion heat budget to assess vertical mixing between layers (0.639–3.515 × 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>), vertical diffusivity coefficient K<sub>Z</sub> (2.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–13.6 × 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and vertical nutrient transport to the epilimnion. Nutrient flux from the metalimnion to the epilimnion ranged 0.42–5.99 mg P m<sup>−2</sup>day<sup>−1</sup> for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and 5.8–101.7 mg N m<sup>−2</sup>day<sup>−1</sup> for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). Vertical mixing and the associated nutrient fluxes increase evidently as the water level decreases 8 m below capacity, and they can increase up to fivefold if the water level drops over 12 m. The observed changes related to water level affect nutrient recycling, ecosystemic metabolic balance, and planktonic composition of VB. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Martín Merino-Ibarra Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo Fermin S. Castillo-Sandoval Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias Mariel Barjau-Aguilar Emiliano Monroy-Ríos Luz M. López-Gómez Arantxa Sacristán-Ramírez José G. Quintanilla-Terminel Roberto González-De Zayas Jorge Jimenez-Contreras María E. Valeriano-Riveros Gloria Vilaclara-Fatjó Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo |
| author_facet |
Martín Merino-Ibarra Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo Fermin S. Castillo-Sandoval Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias Mariel Barjau-Aguilar Emiliano Monroy-Ríos Luz M. López-Gómez Arantxa Sacristán-Ramírez José G. Quintanilla-Terminel Roberto González-De Zayas Jorge Jimenez-Contreras María E. Valeriano-Riveros Gloria Vilaclara-Fatjó Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo |
| author_sort |
Martín Merino-Ibarra |
| title |
Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study |
| title_short |
Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study |
| title_full |
Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study |
| title_fullStr |
Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study |
| title_sort |
vertical boundary mixing events during stratification govern heat and nutrient dynamics in a windy tropical reservoir lake with important water-level fluctuations: a long-term (2001–2021) study |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/b3d83d35727143569e707a531d11a6f4 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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