Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications

With almost 4 million deaths worldwide from the COVID-19 pandemic, the efficient and accurate diagnosis and identification of COVID-19-related complications are more important than ever. Scales such as the pneumonia severity index, or CURB-65, help doctors determine who should be admitted to the hos...

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Autores principales:	Ivan E. Wang, Grant Cooper, Shaker A. Mousa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 and complications SARS-CoV-2 infection COVID-19 sampling and testing CRIPSR technology in COVID-19 diagnosis Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b42ca28ea6c74c86aa343a984f791b37
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b42ca28ea6c74c86aa343a984f791b372021-11-25T17:21:22ZDiagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications10.3390/diagnostics111120712075-4418https://doaj.org/article/b42ca28ea6c74c86aa343a984f791b372021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/11/2071https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4418With almost 4 million deaths worldwide from the COVID-19 pandemic, the efficient and accurate diagnosis and identification of COVID-19-related complications are more important than ever. Scales such as the pneumonia severity index, or CURB-65, help doctors determine who should be admitted to the hospital or the intensive care unit. To properly treat and manage admitted patients, standardized sampling protocols and methods are required for COVID-19 patients. Using PubMed, relevant articles since March 2020 on COVID-19 diagnosis and its complications were analyzed. Patients with COVID-19 had elevated D-dimer, thrombomodulin, and initial factor V elevation followed by decreased factor V and factor VII and elevated IL-6, lactate dehydrogenase, and c-reactive protein, which indicated coagulopathy and possible cytokine storm. Patients with hypertension, newly diagnosed diabetes, obesity, or advanced age were at increased risk for mortality. Elevated BUN, AST, and ALT in severe COVID-19 patients was associated with acute kidney injury or other organ damage. The gold standard for screening COVID-19 is reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using sputum, oropharyngeal, or nasopharyngeal routes. However, due to the low turnover rate and limited testing capacity of RT-PCR, alternative diagnostic tools such as CT-scan and serological testing (IgM and IgG) can be considered in conjunction with symptom monitoring. Advancements in CRISPR technology have also allowed the use of alternative COVID-19 testing, but unfortunately, these technologies are still under FDA review and cannot be used in patients. Nonetheless, increased turnover rates and testing capacity allow for a bright future in COVID-19 diagnosis.Ivan E. WangGrant CooperShaker A. MousaMDPI AGarticleCOVID-19 and complicationsSARS-CoV-2 infectionCOVID-19 sampling and testingCRIPSR technology in COVID-19 diagnosisMedicine (General)R5-920ENDiagnostics, Vol 11, Iss 2071, p 2071 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 and complications SARS-CoV-2 infection COVID-19 sampling and testing CRIPSR technology in COVID-19 diagnosis Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	COVID-19 and complications SARS-CoV-2 infection COVID-19 sampling and testing CRIPSR technology in COVID-19 diagnosis Medicine (General) R5-920 Ivan E. Wang Grant Cooper Shaker A. Mousa Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications
description	With almost 4 million deaths worldwide from the COVID-19 pandemic, the efficient and accurate diagnosis and identification of COVID-19-related complications are more important than ever. Scales such as the pneumonia severity index, or CURB-65, help doctors determine who should be admitted to the hospital or the intensive care unit. To properly treat and manage admitted patients, standardized sampling protocols and methods are required for COVID-19 patients. Using PubMed, relevant articles since March 2020 on COVID-19 diagnosis and its complications were analyzed. Patients with COVID-19 had elevated D-dimer, thrombomodulin, and initial factor V elevation followed by decreased factor V and factor VII and elevated IL-6, lactate dehydrogenase, and c-reactive protein, which indicated coagulopathy and possible cytokine storm. Patients with hypertension, newly diagnosed diabetes, obesity, or advanced age were at increased risk for mortality. Elevated BUN, AST, and ALT in severe COVID-19 patients was associated with acute kidney injury or other organ damage. The gold standard for screening COVID-19 is reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using sputum, oropharyngeal, or nasopharyngeal routes. However, due to the low turnover rate and limited testing capacity of RT-PCR, alternative diagnostic tools such as CT-scan and serological testing (IgM and IgG) can be considered in conjunction with symptom monitoring. Advancements in CRISPR technology have also allowed the use of alternative COVID-19 testing, but unfortunately, these technologies are still under FDA review and cannot be used in patients. Nonetheless, increased turnover rates and testing capacity allow for a bright future in COVID-19 diagnosis.
format	article
author	Ivan E. Wang Grant Cooper Shaker A. Mousa
author_facet	Ivan E. Wang Grant Cooper Shaker A. Mousa
author_sort	Ivan E. Wang
title	Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications
title_short	Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications
title_full	Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications
title_fullStr	Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications
title_full_unstemmed	Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications
title_sort	diagnostic approaches for covid-19 and its associated complications
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b42ca28ea6c74c86aa343a984f791b37
work_keys_str_mv	AT ivanewang diagnosticapproachesforcovid19anditsassociatedcomplications AT grantcooper diagnosticapproachesforcovid19anditsassociatedcomplications AT shakeramousa diagnosticapproachesforcovid19anditsassociatedcomplications
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Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19 and Its Associated Complications

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