Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis
We study the daily to interannual variability of the Red River plume in the Gulf of Tonkin from numerical simulations at high resolution over 6 years (2011–2016). Compared with observational data, the model results show good performance. To identify the plume, passive tracers are used in order to (1...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:b4472272517849e0ae340f97f11afba52021-11-12T07:08:32ZVariability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.772139https://doaj.org/article/b4472272517849e0ae340f97f11afba52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.772139/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745We study the daily to interannual variability of the Red River plume in the Gulf of Tonkin from numerical simulations at high resolution over 6 years (2011–2016). Compared with observational data, the model results show good performance. To identify the plume, passive tracers are used in order to (1) help distinguish the freshwater coming from different continental sources, including the Red River branches, and (2) avoid the low salinity effect due to precipitation. We first consider the buoyant plume formed by the Red River waters and three other nearby rivers along the Vietnamese coast. We show that the temporal evolution of the surface coverage of the plume is correlated with the runoff (within a lag), but that the runoff only cannot explain the variability of the river plume; other processes, such as winds and tides, are involved. Using a K-means unsupervised machine learning algorithm, the main patterns of the plume and their evolution in time are analyzed and linked to different environmental conditions. In winter, the plume is narrow and sticks along the coast most of the time due to the downcoast current and northeasterly wind. In early summer, the southwesterly monsoon wind makes the plume flow offshore. The plume reaches its highest coverage in September after the peak of runoff. Vertically, the plume thickness also shows seasonal variations. In winter, the plume is narrow and mixed over the whole water depth, while in summer, the plume can be detached both from the bottom and the coast. The plume can deepen offshore in summer, due to strong wind (in May, June) or specifically to a recurrent eddy occurring near 19°N (in August). This first analysis of the variability of the Red River plume can be used to provide a general picture of the transport of materials from the river to the ocean, for example in case of anthropogenic chemical substances leaked to the river. For this purpose, we provide maps of the receiving basins for the different river systems in the Gulf of Tonkin.Tung Nguyen-DuyTung Nguyen-DuyNadia K. AyoubPatrick MarsaleixFlorence ToublancPierre De Mey-FrémauxViolaine PitonViolaine PitonMarine HerrmannMarine HerrmannThomas DuhautManh Cuong TranManh Cuong TranThanh Ngo-DucFrontiers Media S.A.articleRed Riverriver plumecoastal ocean modelingK-meansclustering analysispassive tracersScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
Red River river plume coastal ocean modeling K-means clustering analysis passive tracers Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
| spellingShingle |
Red River river plume coastal ocean modeling K-means clustering analysis passive tracers Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Tung Nguyen-Duy Tung Nguyen-Duy Nadia K. Ayoub Patrick Marsaleix Florence Toublanc Pierre De Mey-Frémaux Violaine Piton Violaine Piton Marine Herrmann Marine Herrmann Thomas Duhaut Manh Cuong Tran Manh Cuong Tran Thanh Ngo-Duc Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis |
| description |
We study the daily to interannual variability of the Red River plume in the Gulf of Tonkin from numerical simulations at high resolution over 6 years (2011–2016). Compared with observational data, the model results show good performance. To identify the plume, passive tracers are used in order to (1) help distinguish the freshwater coming from different continental sources, including the Red River branches, and (2) avoid the low salinity effect due to precipitation. We first consider the buoyant plume formed by the Red River waters and three other nearby rivers along the Vietnamese coast. We show that the temporal evolution of the surface coverage of the plume is correlated with the runoff (within a lag), but that the runoff only cannot explain the variability of the river plume; other processes, such as winds and tides, are involved. Using a K-means unsupervised machine learning algorithm, the main patterns of the plume and their evolution in time are analyzed and linked to different environmental conditions. In winter, the plume is narrow and sticks along the coast most of the time due to the downcoast current and northeasterly wind. In early summer, the southwesterly monsoon wind makes the plume flow offshore. The plume reaches its highest coverage in September after the peak of runoff. Vertically, the plume thickness also shows seasonal variations. In winter, the plume is narrow and mixed over the whole water depth, while in summer, the plume can be detached both from the bottom and the coast. The plume can deepen offshore in summer, due to strong wind (in May, June) or specifically to a recurrent eddy occurring near 19°N (in August). This first analysis of the variability of the Red River plume can be used to provide a general picture of the transport of materials from the river to the ocean, for example in case of anthropogenic chemical substances leaked to the river. For this purpose, we provide maps of the receiving basins for the different river systems in the Gulf of Tonkin. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Tung Nguyen-Duy Tung Nguyen-Duy Nadia K. Ayoub Patrick Marsaleix Florence Toublanc Pierre De Mey-Frémaux Violaine Piton Violaine Piton Marine Herrmann Marine Herrmann Thomas Duhaut Manh Cuong Tran Manh Cuong Tran Thanh Ngo-Duc |
| author_facet |
Tung Nguyen-Duy Tung Nguyen-Duy Nadia K. Ayoub Patrick Marsaleix Florence Toublanc Pierre De Mey-Frémaux Violaine Piton Violaine Piton Marine Herrmann Marine Herrmann Thomas Duhaut Manh Cuong Tran Manh Cuong Tran Thanh Ngo-Duc |
| author_sort |
Tung Nguyen-Duy |
| title |
Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis |
| title_short |
Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis |
| title_full |
Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis |
| title_fullStr |
Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis |
| title_sort |
variability of the red river plume in the gulf of tonkin as revealed by numerical modeling and clustering analysis |
| publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/b4472272517849e0ae340f97f11afba5 |
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