Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Development and Challenges in Inducing Long-Lasting Immunity: Trends and Current Perspectives

Ambaye Kenubih University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Para-Clinical Studies, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ambaye Kenubih Email ambayken@yahoo.comAbstract: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease of livestock caused by foot and mouse...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:
Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Kenubih A
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/b4562d7a30eb4ebc899018d135cfb89b
Etiquetas: Agregar Etiqueta
Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!
Descripción
Sumario:Ambaye Kenubih University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Para-Clinical Studies, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ambaye Kenubih Email ambayken@yahoo.comAbstract: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease of livestock caused by foot and mouse disease virus genus: Aphthovirus, which causes a serious economic impact on both individual farmers and the national economy. Many attempts to advance a vaccine for FMD have failed to induce sterile immunity. The classical methods of vaccine production were due to selective accumulation of mutations around antigenic and binding sites. Reversion of the agent by positive selection and quasi-species swarm, use of this method is inapplicable for use in non-endemic areas. Chemical attenuation using binary ethyleneimine (BEI) protected the capsid integrity and produced a pronounced immunity against the challenge strain. Viral antigens which have been chemically synthesized or expressed in viruses, plasmid, or plants were tried in the vaccination of animals. DNA vaccines expressing either structural or nonstructural protein antigens have been tried to immunize animals. Using interleukins as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines have a promising effect. While the challenges of inducing sterile immunity lies on non-structural (NS) proteins of FMDV which are responsible for apoptosis of dendritic cells and have negative effects on lympho-proliferative responses which lead to transient immunosuppression. Furthermore, destruction of host protein trafficking by nonstructural proteins suppressed CD8+ T-cell proliferation. In this review, it tried to address multiple approaches for vaccine development trials and bottle necks of producing sterile immunity.Keywords: FMD vaccine, long lasting immunity, sterile immunity