Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage

Stony hard (SH) peach (<i>Prunus persica</i> L. Batsch) fruit does not release ethylene and has very firm and crisp flesh at ripening, both on- and off-tree. Long-term cold storage can induce ethylene production and a serious risk of chilling injury in SH peach fruit; however, the regula...

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Autores principales:	Yan Wang, Li Deng, Junren Meng, Liang Niu, Lei Pan, Zhenhua Lu, Guochao Cui, Zhiqiang Wang, Wenfang Zeng
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	SH peach fruit cold storage transcriptome ethylene lipid firmness Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b47890ae9f924fe4ac9e984f90cd480a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b47890ae9f924fe4ac9e984f90cd480a2021-11-11T16:48:01ZTranscriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage10.3390/ijms2221113081422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/b47890ae9f924fe4ac9e984f90cd480a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11308https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Stony hard (SH) peach (<i>Prunus persica</i> L. Batsch) fruit does not release ethylene and has very firm and crisp flesh at ripening, both on- and off-tree. Long-term cold storage can induce ethylene production and a serious risk of chilling injury in SH peach fruit; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying ethylene production in stony hard peach is relatively unclear. In this study, we analyzed the phytohormone levels, fruit firmness, transcriptome, and lipidome changes in SH peach ‘Zhongtao 9’ (CP9) during cold storage (4 °C). The expression level of the ethylene biosynthesis gene <i>PpACS1</i> and the content of ethylene in SH peach fruit were found to be upregulated during cold storage. A peak in ABA release was observed before the release of ethylene and the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and degradation, such as zeaxanthin epoxidase (<i>ZEP</i>) and 8’-hydroxylase (<i>CYP707A</i>) genes, were specifically induced in response to low temperatures. Fruit firmness decreased fairly slowly during the first 20 d of refrigeration, followed by a sharp decline. Furthermore, the expression level of genes encoding cell wall metabolic enzymes, such as polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, expansin, galactosidase, and β-galactosidase, were upregulated only upon refrigeration, as correlated with the decrease in fruit firmness. Lipids belonging to 23 sub-classes underwent differential rearrangement during cold storage, especially ceramide (Cer), monoglycosylceramide (CerG1), phosphatidic acid (PA), and diacyglyceride (DG), which may eventually lead to ethylene production. Exogenous PC treatment provoked a higher rate of ethylene production. We suspected that the abnormal metabolism of ABA and cell membrane lipids promotes the production of ethylene under low temperature conditions, causing the fruit to soften. In addition, ERF transcription factors also play an important role in regulating lipid, hormone, and cell wall metabolism during long-term cold storage. Overall, the results of this study give us a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of ethylene biosynthesis during the postharvest storage of SH peach fruit under low-temperature conditions.Yan WangLi DengJunren MengLiang NiuLei PanZhenhua LuGuochao CuiZhiqiang WangWenfang ZengMDPI AGarticleSH peach fruitcold storagetranscriptomeethylenelipidfirmnessBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11308, p 11308 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	SH peach fruit cold storage transcriptome ethylene lipid firmness Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	SH peach fruit cold storage transcriptome ethylene lipid firmness Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Yan Wang Li Deng Junren Meng Liang Niu Lei Pan Zhenhua Lu Guochao Cui Zhiqiang Wang Wenfang Zeng Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
description	Stony hard (SH) peach (<i>Prunus persica</i> L. Batsch) fruit does not release ethylene and has very firm and crisp flesh at ripening, both on- and off-tree. Long-term cold storage can induce ethylene production and a serious risk of chilling injury in SH peach fruit; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying ethylene production in stony hard peach is relatively unclear. In this study, we analyzed the phytohormone levels, fruit firmness, transcriptome, and lipidome changes in SH peach ‘Zhongtao 9’ (CP9) during cold storage (4 °C). The expression level of the ethylene biosynthesis gene <i>PpACS1</i> and the content of ethylene in SH peach fruit were found to be upregulated during cold storage. A peak in ABA release was observed before the release of ethylene and the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and degradation, such as zeaxanthin epoxidase (<i>ZEP</i>) and 8’-hydroxylase (<i>CYP707A</i>) genes, were specifically induced in response to low temperatures. Fruit firmness decreased fairly slowly during the first 20 d of refrigeration, followed by a sharp decline. Furthermore, the expression level of genes encoding cell wall metabolic enzymes, such as polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, expansin, galactosidase, and β-galactosidase, were upregulated only upon refrigeration, as correlated with the decrease in fruit firmness. Lipids belonging to 23 sub-classes underwent differential rearrangement during cold storage, especially ceramide (Cer), monoglycosylceramide (CerG1), phosphatidic acid (PA), and diacyglyceride (DG), which may eventually lead to ethylene production. Exogenous PC treatment provoked a higher rate of ethylene production. We suspected that the abnormal metabolism of ABA and cell membrane lipids promotes the production of ethylene under low temperature conditions, causing the fruit to soften. In addition, ERF transcription factors also play an important role in regulating lipid, hormone, and cell wall metabolism during long-term cold storage. Overall, the results of this study give us a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of ethylene biosynthesis during the postharvest storage of SH peach fruit under low-temperature conditions.
format	article
author	Yan Wang Li Deng Junren Meng Liang Niu Lei Pan Zhenhua Lu Guochao Cui Zhiqiang Wang Wenfang Zeng
author_facet	Yan Wang Li Deng Junren Meng Liang Niu Lei Pan Zhenhua Lu Guochao Cui Zhiqiang Wang Wenfang Zeng
author_sort	Yan Wang
title	Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
title_short	Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
title_full	Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
title_fullStr	Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
title_full_unstemmed	Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
title_sort	transcriptomic and metabolic analyses reveal the mechanism of ethylene production in stony hard peach fruit during cold storage
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b47890ae9f924fe4ac9e984f90cd480a
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Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Ethylene Production in Stony Hard Peach Fruit during Cold Storage

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