Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018

Abstract From January 2015 to December 2018, 213 norovirus outbreaks with 3,951 patients were reported in Jiangsu, China. Based on viral RdRp and VP1 genes, eight genotypes, GII.2[P16] (144, 67.6%), GII.3[P12] (21, 9.9%), GII.6[P7] (5, 2.3%), GII.14[P7] (4, 1.9%), GII.4 Sydney[P31] (3, 1.4%), GII.1[...

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Autores principales:	Jianguang Fu, Changjun Bao, Xiang Huo, Jianli Hu, Chao Shi, Qin Lin, Jun Zhang, Jing Ai, Zheng Xing
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2019
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b4c764b2cd064a68a7bfc7d56e3499ae
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b4c764b2cd064a68a7bfc7d56e3499ae2021-12-02T13:35:12ZIncreasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–201810.1038/s41598-019-56544-22045-2322https://doaj.org/article/b4c764b2cd064a68a7bfc7d56e3499ae2019-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56544-2https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract From January 2015 to December 2018, 213 norovirus outbreaks with 3,951 patients were reported in Jiangsu, China. Based on viral RdRp and VP1 genes, eight genotypes, GII.2[P16] (144, 67.6%), GII.3[P12] (21, 9.9%), GII.6[P7] (5, 2.3%), GII.14[P7] (4, 1.9%), GII.4 Sydney[P31] (3, 1.4%), GII.1[P33] (1, 0.5%), GII.2[P2] (3, 1.4%), and GII.17[P17] (16, 7.5%) were identified throughout the study period. These genotypes were further regrouped as GII.R (Recombinant) and GII.Non-R (Non-recombinant) strains. In this report we showed that GII.R strains were responsible for at least 178 (83.6%) of 213 norovirus-positive outbreaks with a peak in 2017 and 2018. Most norovirus outbreaks occurred in primary schools and 94 of 109 (86.2%) outbreaks in primary schools were caused by GII.R, while GII.Non-R and GII.NT (not typed) strains accounted for 6 (5.5%) and 9 (8.3%) norovirus outbreaks, respectively. The SimPlot analysis showed recombination breakpoints near the ORF1/2 junction for all six recombinant strains. The recombination breakpoints were detected at positions varying from nucleotides 5009 to 5111, localized in the ORF1 region for four strains (GII.2[P16], GII.3[P12], GII.6[P7], and GII.14[P7]) and in the ORF2 region for the other (GII.4 Sydney[P31] and GII.1[P33]). We identified four clusters, Cluster I through IV, in the GII.P7 RdRp gene by phylogenetic analysis and the GII.14[P7] variants reported here belonged to Cluster IV in the RdRp tree. The HBGA binding site of all known GII.14 strains remained conserved with several point mutations found in the predicted conformational epitopes. In conclusion, gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses increased rapidly in the last years and these viruses were classified into eight genotypes. Emerging recombinant noroviral strains have become a major concern and challenge to public health.Jianguang FuChangjun BaoXiang HuoJianli HuChao ShiQin LinJun ZhangJing AiZheng XingNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Jianguang Fu Changjun Bao Xiang Huo Jianli Hu Chao Shi Qin Lin Jun Zhang Jing Ai Zheng Xing Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018
description	Abstract From January 2015 to December 2018, 213 norovirus outbreaks with 3,951 patients were reported in Jiangsu, China. Based on viral RdRp and VP1 genes, eight genotypes, GII.2[P16] (144, 67.6%), GII.3[P12] (21, 9.9%), GII.6[P7] (5, 2.3%), GII.14[P7] (4, 1.9%), GII.4 Sydney[P31] (3, 1.4%), GII.1[P33] (1, 0.5%), GII.2[P2] (3, 1.4%), and GII.17[P17] (16, 7.5%) were identified throughout the study period. These genotypes were further regrouped as GII.R (Recombinant) and GII.Non-R (Non-recombinant) strains. In this report we showed that GII.R strains were responsible for at least 178 (83.6%) of 213 norovirus-positive outbreaks with a peak in 2017 and 2018. Most norovirus outbreaks occurred in primary schools and 94 of 109 (86.2%) outbreaks in primary schools were caused by GII.R, while GII.Non-R and GII.NT (not typed) strains accounted for 6 (5.5%) and 9 (8.3%) norovirus outbreaks, respectively. The SimPlot analysis showed recombination breakpoints near the ORF1/2 junction for all six recombinant strains. The recombination breakpoints were detected at positions varying from nucleotides 5009 to 5111, localized in the ORF1 region for four strains (GII.2[P16], GII.3[P12], GII.6[P7], and GII.14[P7]) and in the ORF2 region for the other (GII.4 Sydney[P31] and GII.1[P33]). We identified four clusters, Cluster I through IV, in the GII.P7 RdRp gene by phylogenetic analysis and the GII.14[P7] variants reported here belonged to Cluster IV in the RdRp tree. The HBGA binding site of all known GII.14 strains remained conserved with several point mutations found in the predicted conformational epitopes. In conclusion, gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses increased rapidly in the last years and these viruses were classified into eight genotypes. Emerging recombinant noroviral strains have become a major concern and challenge to public health.
format	article
author	Jianguang Fu Changjun Bao Xiang Huo Jianli Hu Chao Shi Qin Lin Jun Zhang Jing Ai Zheng Xing
author_facet	Jianguang Fu Changjun Bao Xiang Huo Jianli Hu Chao Shi Qin Lin Jun Zhang Jing Ai Zheng Xing
author_sort	Jianguang Fu
title	Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018
title_short	Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018
title_full	Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018
title_fullStr	Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018
title_full_unstemmed	Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018
title_sort	increasing recombinant strains emerged in norovirus outbreaks in jiangsu, china: 2015–2018
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/b4c764b2cd064a68a7bfc7d56e3499ae
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Increasing Recombinant Strains Emerged in Norovirus Outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018

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