Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.

One of the oldest and most persistent questions in ecology and evolution is whether natural communities tend to evolve toward saturation and maximal diversity. Robert MacArthur's classical theory of niche packing and the theory of adaptive radiations both imply that populations will diversify a...

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Autores principales:	Ilan N Rubin, Iaroslav Ispolatov, Michael Doebeli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b4ee4f738bf64232922548c5a6b4b643
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b4ee4f738bf64232922548c5a6b4b6432021-12-02T19:57:30ZEvolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.1008650https://doaj.org/article/b4ee4f738bf64232922548c5a6b4b6432021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008650https://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358One of the oldest and most persistent questions in ecology and evolution is whether natural communities tend to evolve toward saturation and maximal diversity. Robert MacArthur's classical theory of niche packing and the theory of adaptive radiations both imply that populations will diversify and fully partition any available niche space. However, the saturation of natural populations is still very much an open area of debate and investigation. Additionally, recent evolutionary theory suggests the existence of alternative evolutionary stable states (ESSs), which implies that some stable communities may not be fully saturated. Using models with classical Lotka-Volterra ecological dynamics and three formulations of evolutionary dynamics (a model using adaptive dynamics, an individual-based model, and a partial differential equation model), we show that following an adaptive radiation, communities can often get stuck in low diversity states when limited by mutations of small phenotypic effect. These low diversity metastable states can also be maintained by limited resources and finite population sizes. When small mutations and finite populations are considered together, it is clear that despite the presence of higher-diversity stable states, natural populations are likely not fully saturating their environment and leaving potential niche space unfilled. Additionally, within-species variation can further reduce community diversity from levels predicted by models that assume species-level homogeneity.Ilan N RubinIaroslav IspolatovMichael DoebeliPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 17, Iss 7, p e1008650 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ilan N Rubin Iaroslav Ispolatov Michael Doebeli Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
description	One of the oldest and most persistent questions in ecology and evolution is whether natural communities tend to evolve toward saturation and maximal diversity. Robert MacArthur's classical theory of niche packing and the theory of adaptive radiations both imply that populations will diversify and fully partition any available niche space. However, the saturation of natural populations is still very much an open area of debate and investigation. Additionally, recent evolutionary theory suggests the existence of alternative evolutionary stable states (ESSs), which implies that some stable communities may not be fully saturated. Using models with classical Lotka-Volterra ecological dynamics and three formulations of evolutionary dynamics (a model using adaptive dynamics, an individual-based model, and a partial differential equation model), we show that following an adaptive radiation, communities can often get stuck in low diversity states when limited by mutations of small phenotypic effect. These low diversity metastable states can also be maintained by limited resources and finite population sizes. When small mutations and finite populations are considered together, it is clear that despite the presence of higher-diversity stable states, natural populations are likely not fully saturating their environment and leaving potential niche space unfilled. Additionally, within-species variation can further reduce community diversity from levels predicted by models that assume species-level homogeneity.
format	article
author	Ilan N Rubin Iaroslav Ispolatov Michael Doebeli
author_facet	Ilan N Rubin Iaroslav Ispolatov Michael Doebeli
author_sort	Ilan N Rubin
title	Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
title_short	Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
title_full	Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
title_fullStr	Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
title_full_unstemmed	Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
title_sort	evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b4ee4f738bf64232922548c5a6b4b643
work_keys_str_mv	AT ilannrubin evolutiontoalternativelevelsofstablediversityleavesareasofnichespaceunexplored AT iaroslavispolatov evolutiontoalternativelevelsofstablediversityleavesareasofnichespaceunexplored AT michaeldoebeli evolutiontoalternativelevelsofstablediversityleavesareasofnichespaceunexplored
_version_	1718375861116207104

Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored.

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