Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.

The Cryptococcus species complex contains two sibling taxa, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Both species are basidiomycetous yeasts and major pathogens of humans and other mammals. Genotyping methods have identified major haploid molecular types of C. neoformans (VNI, VNII, VNB and...

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Autores principales:	Popchai Ngamskulrungroj, Felix Gilgado, Josiane Faganello, Anastasia P Litvintseva, Ana Lusia Leal, Kin Ming Tsui, Thomas G Mitchell, Marilene Henning Vainstein, Wieland Meyer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2009
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b4f4b3ebb28d4888afeba06e3c90c9ac
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b4f4b3ebb28d4888afeba06e3c90c9ac2021-11-25T06:22:11ZGenetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0005862https://doaj.org/article/b4f4b3ebb28d4888afeba06e3c90c9ac2009-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19517012/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The Cryptococcus species complex contains two sibling taxa, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Both species are basidiomycetous yeasts and major pathogens of humans and other mammals. Genotyping methods have identified major haploid molecular types of C. neoformans (VNI, VNII, VNB and VNIV) and of C. gattii (VGI, VGII, VGIII and VGIV). To investigate the phylogenetic relationships among these haploid genotypes, we selected 73 strains from 2000 globally collected isolates investigated in our previous typing studies, representing each of these genotypes and carried out multigene sequence analyses using four genetically unlinked nuclear loci, ACT1, IDE, PLB1 and URA5. The separate or combined sequence analyses of all four loci revealed seven clades with significant support for each molecular type. However, three strains of each species revealed some incongruence between the original molecular type and the sequence-based type obtained here. The topology of the individual gene trees was identical for each clade of C. neoformans but incongruent for the clades of C. gattii indicating recent recombination events within C. gattii. There was strong evidence of recombination in the global VGII population. Both parsimony and likelihood analyses supported three major clades of C. neoformans (VNI/VNB, VNII and VNIV) and four major clades of C. gattii (VGI, VGII, VGIII and VGIV). The sequence variation between VGI, VGIII and VGIV was similar to that between VNI/VNB and VNII. MATa was for the first time identified for VGIV. The VNIV and VGII clades are basal to the C. neoformans or the C. gattii clade, respectively. Divergence times among the seven haploid monophyletic lineages in the Cryptococcus species complex were estimated by applying the hypothesis of the molecular clock. The genetic variation found among all of these haploid monophyletic lineages indicates that they warrant varietal status.Popchai NgamskulrungrojFelix GilgadoJosiane FaganelloAnastasia P LitvintsevaAna Lusia LealKin Ming TsuiThomas G MitchellMarilene Henning VainsteinWieland MeyerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 4, Iss 6, p e5862 (2009)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Popchai Ngamskulrungroj Felix Gilgado Josiane Faganello Anastasia P Litvintseva Ana Lusia Leal Kin Ming Tsui Thomas G Mitchell Marilene Henning Vainstein Wieland Meyer Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
description	The Cryptococcus species complex contains two sibling taxa, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Both species are basidiomycetous yeasts and major pathogens of humans and other mammals. Genotyping methods have identified major haploid molecular types of C. neoformans (VNI, VNII, VNB and VNIV) and of C. gattii (VGI, VGII, VGIII and VGIV). To investigate the phylogenetic relationships among these haploid genotypes, we selected 73 strains from 2000 globally collected isolates investigated in our previous typing studies, representing each of these genotypes and carried out multigene sequence analyses using four genetically unlinked nuclear loci, ACT1, IDE, PLB1 and URA5. The separate or combined sequence analyses of all four loci revealed seven clades with significant support for each molecular type. However, three strains of each species revealed some incongruence between the original molecular type and the sequence-based type obtained here. The topology of the individual gene trees was identical for each clade of C. neoformans but incongruent for the clades of C. gattii indicating recent recombination events within C. gattii. There was strong evidence of recombination in the global VGII population. Both parsimony and likelihood analyses supported three major clades of C. neoformans (VNI/VNB, VNII and VNIV) and four major clades of C. gattii (VGI, VGII, VGIII and VGIV). The sequence variation between VGI, VGIII and VGIV was similar to that between VNI/VNB and VNII. MATa was for the first time identified for VGIV. The VNIV and VGII clades are basal to the C. neoformans or the C. gattii clade, respectively. Divergence times among the seven haploid monophyletic lineages in the Cryptococcus species complex were estimated by applying the hypothesis of the molecular clock. The genetic variation found among all of these haploid monophyletic lineages indicates that they warrant varietal status.
format	article
author	Popchai Ngamskulrungroj Felix Gilgado Josiane Faganello Anastasia P Litvintseva Ana Lusia Leal Kin Ming Tsui Thomas G Mitchell Marilene Henning Vainstein Wieland Meyer
author_facet	Popchai Ngamskulrungroj Felix Gilgado Josiane Faganello Anastasia P Litvintseva Ana Lusia Leal Kin Ming Tsui Thomas G Mitchell Marilene Henning Vainstein Wieland Meyer
author_sort	Popchai Ngamskulrungroj
title	Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
title_short	Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
title_full	Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
title_fullStr	Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
title_full_unstemmed	Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
title_sort	genetic diversity of the cryptococcus species complex suggests that cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2009
url	https://doaj.org/article/b4f4b3ebb28d4888afeba06e3c90c9ac
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Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.

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