Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment in Indonesia is still predominant using an open pond system. This system has the weakness of the unknown and uncontrollable value of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere. This study estimated GHG emissions (CH4 and CO2) from anaerobic ponds and t...

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Autor principal:	Ledis Heru Saryono Putro
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Mahidol University 2021
Materias:	ghg emissions ch4 co2 renewable energy pome conversion coefficients Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b5858c249ba94703bb0601bba7684fdf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b5858c249ba94703bb0601bba7684fdf2021-12-03T06:35:51ZEmissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources10.32526/ennrj/20/2021001491686-54562408-2384https://doaj.org/article/b5858c249ba94703bb0601bba7684fdf2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/245510/166413https://doaj.org/toc/1686-5456https://doaj.org/toc/2408-2384Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment in Indonesia is still predominant using an open pond system. This system has the weakness of the unknown and uncontrollable value of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere. This study estimated GHG emissions (CH4 and CO2) from anaerobic ponds and their potential as a renewable energy source and obtain GHG emission conversion coefficients for each kg of COD POME and ton of crude palm oil (CPO). Gas samples were collected using a closed static chamber. GHG sample concentration testing was done using Gas Chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The results showed that the emission rate of CH4 and CO2 in the anaerobic pond POME treatment was relatively high, 261.93 and 595.99 g/m2/day, respectively, equivalent to 48.572 t CO2-eq/day or 14,571.5 t CO2-eq/year. CO2 emissions were greater than two times CH4 emissions, both spatially and temporally. There was a process of facultative biodegradation, aerobic and or anaerobic process according to the biotic-abiotic environment and the levels of organic components in the substrate. In anaerobic ponds, the optimal requirements for the biodegradation process tended to be unfulfilled, so the emission rate of CH4 was less than CO2. The GHG conversion coefficient was obtained, namely each kg of COD from POME emitted 6.266 kg CO2-eq of GHG; for each m3 of POME emitted by 0.163 t CO2-eq of GHG; and 0.556 t CO2-eq/t CPO. The maximum potential for POME to energy conversion was 1.045 MWe with a power capacity of 8,603 MWh/year.Ledis Heru Saryono PutroMahidol Universityarticleghg emissionsch4co2renewable energypomeconversion coefficientsEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENEnvironment and Natural Resources Journal, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 61-72 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ghg emissions ch4 co2 renewable energy pome conversion coefficients Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	ghg emissions ch4 co2 renewable energy pome conversion coefficients Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Ledis Heru Saryono Putro Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
description	Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment in Indonesia is still predominant using an open pond system. This system has the weakness of the unknown and uncontrollable value of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere. This study estimated GHG emissions (CH4 and CO2) from anaerobic ponds and their potential as a renewable energy source and obtain GHG emission conversion coefficients for each kg of COD POME and ton of crude palm oil (CPO). Gas samples were collected using a closed static chamber. GHG sample concentration testing was done using Gas Chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The results showed that the emission rate of CH4 and CO2 in the anaerobic pond POME treatment was relatively high, 261.93 and 595.99 g/m2/day, respectively, equivalent to 48.572 t CO2-eq/day or 14,571.5 t CO2-eq/year. CO2 emissions were greater than two times CH4 emissions, both spatially and temporally. There was a process of facultative biodegradation, aerobic and or anaerobic process according to the biotic-abiotic environment and the levels of organic components in the substrate. In anaerobic ponds, the optimal requirements for the biodegradation process tended to be unfulfilled, so the emission rate of CH4 was less than CO2. The GHG conversion coefficient was obtained, namely each kg of COD from POME emitted 6.266 kg CO2-eq of GHG; for each m3 of POME emitted by 0.163 t CO2-eq of GHG; and 0.556 t CO2-eq/t CPO. The maximum potential for POME to energy conversion was 1.045 MWe with a power capacity of 8,603 MWh/year.
format	article
author	Ledis Heru Saryono Putro
author_facet	Ledis Heru Saryono Putro
author_sort	Ledis Heru Saryono Putro
title	Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
title_short	Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
title_full	Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
title_fullStr	Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
title_full_unstemmed	Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
title_sort	emissions of ch4 and co2 from wastewater of palm oil mills: a real contribution to increase the greenhouse gas and its potential as renewable energy sources
publisher	Mahidol University
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b5858c249ba94703bb0601bba7684fdf
work_keys_str_mv	AT ledisherusaryonoputro emissionsofch4andco2fromwastewaterofpalmoilmillsarealcontributiontoincreasethegreenhousegasanditspotentialasrenewableenergysources
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Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources

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