Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.

<h4>Background</h4>The assessment of pain is critical for the welfare of horses, in particular when pain is induced by common management procedures such as castration. Existing pain assessment methods have several limitations, which reduce the applicability in everyday life. Assessment o...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Emanuela Dalla Costa, Michela Minero, Dirk Lebelt, Diana Stucke, Elisabetta Canali, Matthew C Leach
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b5a982ba15ed47d0b181e93268d60f42
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:b5a982ba15ed47d0b181e93268d60f42
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b5a982ba15ed47d0b181e93268d60f422021-11-18T08:27:14ZDevelopment of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0092281https://doaj.org/article/b5a982ba15ed47d0b181e93268d60f422014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24647606/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>The assessment of pain is critical for the welfare of horses, in particular when pain is induced by common management procedures such as castration. Existing pain assessment methods have several limitations, which reduce the applicability in everyday life. Assessment of facial expression changes, as a novel means of pain scoring, may offer numerous advantages and overcome some of these limitations. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a standardised pain scale based on facial expressions in horses (Horse Grimace Scale [HGS]).<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Forty stallions were assigned to one of two treatments and all animals underwent routine surgical castration under general anaesthesia. Group A (n = 19) received a single injection of Flunixin immediately before anaesthesia. Group B (n = 21) received Flunixin immediately before anaesthesia and then again, as an oral administration, six hours after the surgery. In addition, six horses were used as anaesthesia controls (C). These animals underwent non-invasive, indolent procedures, received the same treatment as group A, but did not undergo surgical procedures that could be accompanied with surgical pain. Changes in behaviour, composite pain scale (CPS) scores and horse grimace scale (HGS) scores were assessed before and 8-hours post-procedure. Only horses undergoing castration (Groups A and B) showed significantly greater HGS and CPS scores at 8-hours post compared to pre operatively. Further, maintenance behaviours such as explorative behaviour and alertness were also reduced. No difference was observed between the two analgesic treatment groups.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The Horse Grimace Scale potentially offers an effective and reliable method of assessing pain following routine castration in horses. However, auxiliary studies are required to evaluate different painful conditions and analgesic schedules.Emanuela Dalla CostaMichela MineroDirk LebeltDiana StuckeElisabetta CanaliMatthew C LeachPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 3, p e92281 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Emanuela Dalla Costa Michela Minero Dirk Lebelt Diana Stucke Elisabetta Canali Matthew C Leach Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
description	<h4>Background</h4>The assessment of pain is critical for the welfare of horses, in particular when pain is induced by common management procedures such as castration. Existing pain assessment methods have several limitations, which reduce the applicability in everyday life. Assessment of facial expression changes, as a novel means of pain scoring, may offer numerous advantages and overcome some of these limitations. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a standardised pain scale based on facial expressions in horses (Horse Grimace Scale [HGS]).<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Forty stallions were assigned to one of two treatments and all animals underwent routine surgical castration under general anaesthesia. Group A (n = 19) received a single injection of Flunixin immediately before anaesthesia. Group B (n = 21) received Flunixin immediately before anaesthesia and then again, as an oral administration, six hours after the surgery. In addition, six horses were used as anaesthesia controls (C). These animals underwent non-invasive, indolent procedures, received the same treatment as group A, but did not undergo surgical procedures that could be accompanied with surgical pain. Changes in behaviour, composite pain scale (CPS) scores and horse grimace scale (HGS) scores were assessed before and 8-hours post-procedure. Only horses undergoing castration (Groups A and B) showed significantly greater HGS and CPS scores at 8-hours post compared to pre operatively. Further, maintenance behaviours such as explorative behaviour and alertness were also reduced. No difference was observed between the two analgesic treatment groups.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The Horse Grimace Scale potentially offers an effective and reliable method of assessing pain following routine castration in horses. However, auxiliary studies are required to evaluate different painful conditions and analgesic schedules.
format	article
author	Emanuela Dalla Costa Michela Minero Dirk Lebelt Diana Stucke Elisabetta Canali Matthew C Leach
author_facet	Emanuela Dalla Costa Michela Minero Dirk Lebelt Diana Stucke Elisabetta Canali Matthew C Leach
author_sort	Emanuela Dalla Costa
title	Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
title_short	Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
title_full	Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
title_fullStr	Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
title_full_unstemmed	Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
title_sort	development of the horse grimace scale (hgs) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/b5a982ba15ed47d0b181e93268d60f42
work_keys_str_mv	AT emanueladallacosta developmentofthehorsegrimacescalehgsasapainassessmenttoolinhorsesundergoingroutinecastration AT michelaminero developmentofthehorsegrimacescalehgsasapainassessmenttoolinhorsesundergoingroutinecastration AT dirklebelt developmentofthehorsegrimacescalehgsasapainassessmenttoolinhorsesundergoingroutinecastration AT dianastucke developmentofthehorsegrimacescalehgsasapainassessmenttoolinhorsesundergoingroutinecastration AT elisabettacanali developmentofthehorsegrimacescalehgsasapainassessmenttoolinhorsesundergoingroutinecastration AT matthewcleach developmentofthehorsegrimacescalehgsasapainassessmenttoolinhorsesundergoingroutinecastration
_version_	1718421824567508992

Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.

Ejemplares similares