Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors

Walking is a central activity of daily life, and there is an increasing demand for objective measurement-based gait assessment. In contrast to stationary systems, wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) have the potential to enable non-restrictive and accurate gait assessment in daily life. We pr...

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Autores principales:	Daniel Laidig, Andreas J. Jocham, Bernhard Guggenberger, Klemens Adamer, Michael Fischer, Thomas Seel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	inertial sensors IMU human motion analysis gait analysis gait assessment gait phases Medicine R Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b5e5ba8b403a407b82a2d0101a5908c6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b5e5ba8b403a407b82a2d0101a5908c62021-11-04T04:56:47ZCalibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors2673-253X10.3389/fdgth.2021.736418https://doaj.org/article/b5e5ba8b403a407b82a2d0101a5908c62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2021.736418/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2673-253XWalking is a central activity of daily life, and there is an increasing demand for objective measurement-based gait assessment. In contrast to stationary systems, wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) have the potential to enable non-restrictive and accurate gait assessment in daily life. We propose a set of algorithms that uses the measurements of two foot-worn IMUs to determine major spatiotemporal gait parameters that are essential for clinical gait assessment: durations of five gait phases for each side as well as stride length, walking speed, and cadence. Compared to many existing methods, the proposed algorithms neither require magnetometers nor a precise mounting of the sensor or dedicated calibration movements. They are therefore suitable for unsupervised use by non-experts in indoor as well as outdoor environments. While previously proposed methods are rarely validated in pathological gait, we evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithms on a very broad dataset consisting of 215 trials and three different subject groups walking on a treadmill: healthy subjects (n = 39), walking at three different speeds, as well as orthopedic (n = 62) and neurological (n = 36) patients, walking at a self-selected speed. The results show a very strong correlation of all gait parameters (Pearson's r between 0.83 and 0.99, p < 0.01) between the IMU system and the reference system. The mean absolute difference (MAD) is 1.4 % for the gait phase durations, 1.7 cm for the stride length, 0.04 km/h for the walking speed, and 0.7 steps/min for the cadence. We show that the proposed methods achieve high accuracy not only for a large range of walking speeds but also in pathological gait as it occurs in orthopedic and neurological diseases. In contrast to all previous research, we present calibration-free methods for the estimation of gait phases and spatiotemporal parameters and validate them in a large number of patients with different pathologies. The proposed methods lay the foundation for ubiquitous unsupervised gait assessment in daily-life environments.Daniel LaidigAndreas J. JochamBernhard GuggenbergerKlemens AdamerMichael FischerMichael FischerMichael FischerThomas SeelFrontiers Media S.A.articleinertial sensorsIMUhuman motion analysisgait analysisgait assessmentgait phasesMedicineRPublic aspects of medicineRA1-1270Electronic computers. Computer scienceQA75.5-76.95ENFrontiers in Digital Health, Vol 3 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	inertial sensors IMU human motion analysis gait analysis gait assessment gait phases Medicine R Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95
spellingShingle	inertial sensors IMU human motion analysis gait analysis gait assessment gait phases Medicine R Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Daniel Laidig Andreas J. Jocham Bernhard Guggenberger Klemens Adamer Michael Fischer Michael Fischer Michael Fischer Thomas Seel Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors
description	Walking is a central activity of daily life, and there is an increasing demand for objective measurement-based gait assessment. In contrast to stationary systems, wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) have the potential to enable non-restrictive and accurate gait assessment in daily life. We propose a set of algorithms that uses the measurements of two foot-worn IMUs to determine major spatiotemporal gait parameters that are essential for clinical gait assessment: durations of five gait phases for each side as well as stride length, walking speed, and cadence. Compared to many existing methods, the proposed algorithms neither require magnetometers nor a precise mounting of the sensor or dedicated calibration movements. They are therefore suitable for unsupervised use by non-experts in indoor as well as outdoor environments. While previously proposed methods are rarely validated in pathological gait, we evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithms on a very broad dataset consisting of 215 trials and three different subject groups walking on a treadmill: healthy subjects (n = 39), walking at three different speeds, as well as orthopedic (n = 62) and neurological (n = 36) patients, walking at a self-selected speed. The results show a very strong correlation of all gait parameters (Pearson's r between 0.83 and 0.99, p < 0.01) between the IMU system and the reference system. The mean absolute difference (MAD) is 1.4 % for the gait phase durations, 1.7 cm for the stride length, 0.04 km/h for the walking speed, and 0.7 steps/min for the cadence. We show that the proposed methods achieve high accuracy not only for a large range of walking speeds but also in pathological gait as it occurs in orthopedic and neurological diseases. In contrast to all previous research, we present calibration-free methods for the estimation of gait phases and spatiotemporal parameters and validate them in a large number of patients with different pathologies. The proposed methods lay the foundation for ubiquitous unsupervised gait assessment in daily-life environments.
format	article
author	Daniel Laidig Andreas J. Jocham Bernhard Guggenberger Klemens Adamer Michael Fischer Michael Fischer Michael Fischer Thomas Seel
author_facet	Daniel Laidig Andreas J. Jocham Bernhard Guggenberger Klemens Adamer Michael Fischer Michael Fischer Michael Fischer Thomas Seel
author_sort	Daniel Laidig
title	Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors
title_short	Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors
title_full	Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors
title_fullStr	Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors
title_full_unstemmed	Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors
title_sort	calibration-free gait assessment by foot-worn inertial sensors
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b5e5ba8b403a407b82a2d0101a5908c6
work_keys_str_mv	AT daniellaidig calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT andreasjjocham calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT bernhardguggenberger calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT klemensadamer calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT michaelfischer calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT michaelfischer calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT michaelfischer calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors AT thomasseel calibrationfreegaitassessmentbyfootworninertialsensors
_version_	1718445235778879488

Calibration-Free Gait Assessment by Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors

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