Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp

Additive manufacturing and 3D printing is particularly useful in the production of phantoms for medical imaging applications including determination and optimization of (diagnostic) image quality and dosimetry. Additive manufacturing allows the leap from simple slab and stylized to (pseudo)-anthropo...

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Autores principales:	Xiangjie Ma, Martin Buschmann, Ewald Unger, Peter Homolka
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	additive manufacturing 3D printing computed tomography quality control radiographic phantoms x-ray Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b77cf275600c467b9bb55c947c98a6f0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b77cf275600c467b9bb55c947c98a6f02021-12-01T13:12:45ZClassification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp2296-418510.3389/fbioe.2021.763960https://doaj.org/article/b77cf275600c467b9bb55c947c98a6f02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.763960/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185Additive manufacturing and 3D printing is particularly useful in the production of phantoms for medical imaging applications including determination and optimization of (diagnostic) image quality and dosimetry. Additive manufacturing allows the leap from simple slab and stylized to (pseudo)-anthropomorphic phantoms. This necessitates the use of materials with x-ray attenuation as close as possible to that of the tissues or organs mimicked. X-ray attenuation properties including their energy dependence were determined for 35 printing materials comprising photocured resins and thermoplastic polymers. Prior to measuring x-ray attenuation in CT from 70 to 140 kVp, printing parameters were thoroughly optimized to ensure maximum density avoiding too low attenuation due to microscopic or macroscopic voids. These optimized parameters are made available. CT scanning was performed in a water filled phantom to guarantee defined scan conditions and accurate HU value determination. The spectrum of HU values covered by polymers printed using fused deposition modeling reached from −258 to +1,063 at 120 kVp (−197 to +1,804 at 70 kVp, to −266 to +985 at 140 kVp, respectively). Photocured resins covered 43 to 175 HU at 120 kVp (16–156 at 70, and 57–178 at 140 kVp). At 120 kVp, ASA mimics water almost perfectly (+2 HU). HIPS (−40 HU) is found close to adipose tissue. In all photocurable resins, and 17 printing filaments HU values decreased with increasing beam hardness contrary to soft tissues except adipose tissue making it difficult to mimic water or average soft tissue in phantoms correctly over a range of energies with one single printing material. Filled filaments provided both, the HU range, and an appropriate energy dependence mimicking bone tissues. A filled material with almost constant HU values was identified potentially allowing mimicking soft tissues by reducing density using controlled under-filling. The measurements performed in this study can be used to design phantoms with a wide range of x-ray contrasts, and energy dependence of these contrasts by combining appropriate materials. Data provided on the energy dependence can also be used to correct contrast or contrast to noise ratios from phantom measurements to real tissue contrasts or CNRs.Xiangjie MaMartin BuschmannEwald UngerPeter HomolkaFrontiers Media S.A.articleadditive manufacturing3D printingcomputed tomographyquality controlradiographic phantomsx-rayBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENFrontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	additive manufacturing 3D printing computed tomography quality control radiographic phantoms x-ray Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	additive manufacturing 3D printing computed tomography quality control radiographic phantoms x-ray Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Xiangjie Ma Martin Buschmann Ewald Unger Peter Homolka Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp
description	Additive manufacturing and 3D printing is particularly useful in the production of phantoms for medical imaging applications including determination and optimization of (diagnostic) image quality and dosimetry. Additive manufacturing allows the leap from simple slab and stylized to (pseudo)-anthropomorphic phantoms. This necessitates the use of materials with x-ray attenuation as close as possible to that of the tissues or organs mimicked. X-ray attenuation properties including their energy dependence were determined for 35 printing materials comprising photocured resins and thermoplastic polymers. Prior to measuring x-ray attenuation in CT from 70 to 140 kVp, printing parameters were thoroughly optimized to ensure maximum density avoiding too low attenuation due to microscopic or macroscopic voids. These optimized parameters are made available. CT scanning was performed in a water filled phantom to guarantee defined scan conditions and accurate HU value determination. The spectrum of HU values covered by polymers printed using fused deposition modeling reached from −258 to +1,063 at 120 kVp (−197 to +1,804 at 70 kVp, to −266 to +985 at 140 kVp, respectively). Photocured resins covered 43 to 175 HU at 120 kVp (16–156 at 70, and 57–178 at 140 kVp). At 120 kVp, ASA mimics water almost perfectly (+2 HU). HIPS (−40 HU) is found close to adipose tissue. In all photocurable resins, and 17 printing filaments HU values decreased with increasing beam hardness contrary to soft tissues except adipose tissue making it difficult to mimic water or average soft tissue in phantoms correctly over a range of energies with one single printing material. Filled filaments provided both, the HU range, and an appropriate energy dependence mimicking bone tissues. A filled material with almost constant HU values was identified potentially allowing mimicking soft tissues by reducing density using controlled under-filling. The measurements performed in this study can be used to design phantoms with a wide range of x-ray contrasts, and energy dependence of these contrasts by combining appropriate materials. Data provided on the energy dependence can also be used to correct contrast or contrast to noise ratios from phantom measurements to real tissue contrasts or CNRs.
format	article
author	Xiangjie Ma Martin Buschmann Ewald Unger Peter Homolka
author_facet	Xiangjie Ma Martin Buschmann Ewald Unger Peter Homolka
author_sort	Xiangjie Ma
title	Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp
title_short	Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp
title_full	Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp
title_fullStr	Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp
title_full_unstemmed	Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp
title_sort	classification of x-ray attenuation properties of additive manufacturing and 3d printing materials using computed tomography from 70 to 140 kvp
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b77cf275600c467b9bb55c947c98a6f0
work_keys_str_mv	AT xiangjiema classificationofxrayattenuationpropertiesofadditivemanufacturingand3dprintingmaterialsusingcomputedtomographyfrom70to140kvp AT martinbuschmann classificationofxrayattenuationpropertiesofadditivemanufacturingand3dprintingmaterialsusingcomputedtomographyfrom70to140kvp AT ewaldunger classificationofxrayattenuationpropertiesofadditivemanufacturingand3dprintingmaterialsusingcomputedtomographyfrom70to140kvp AT peterhomolka classificationofxrayattenuationpropertiesofadditivemanufacturingand3dprintingmaterialsusingcomputedtomographyfrom70to140kvp
_version_	1718405135605956608

Classification of X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials Using Computed Tomography From 70 to 140 kVp

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