Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro

Isa I Adamu,1,2 Salmon A Adebayo,3 Mohammad S Al-Shahrani4 1Physiology Unit Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 3Clinical Research, N...

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Autores principales:	Adamu II, Adebayo SA, Al-Shahrani MS
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2020
Materias:	grewia mollis anti-inflammatory pain plant extracts cox 15-lox Pathology RB1-214 Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b781feee2afb4703a11b7b023c2a9779
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b781feee2afb4703a11b7b023c2a97792021-12-02T11:05:49ZGrewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro1178-7031https://doaj.org/article/b781feee2afb4703a11b7b023c2a97792020-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/grewia-mollis-leaf-extracts-and-fractions-demonstrated-good-inhibitory-peer-reviewed-article-JIRhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-7031Isa I Adamu,1,2 Salmon A Adebayo,3 Mohammad S Al-Shahrani4 1Physiology Unit Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 3Clinical Research, Neoteriks Health Research and Innovation, Indianapolis, IN 46254-2878, USA; 4Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Salmon A Adebayo Tel +1 (347) 744 4294Email adebayosa@tut.ac.zaIntroduction: Plant extracts are used to treat illnesses, promote health, and maintain general well-being in traditional medicine. Grewia mollis Juss (Malvaceae) is one of the medicinal herbs that is used traditionally to treat chronic diseases and related pain because currently used anti-inflammatory drugs may cause severe side effects, and naturally occurring compounds with reduced cytotoxicity could be explored for therapeutic goals.Materials and Methods: Dried leaf of G. mollis was extracted with aqueous and organic solvents and partitioned based on polarity using solvent-solvent methods. The extracts were tested in anti-inflammatory assays against cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenase, and the safety profile was determined in a cell-based in-vitro assay.Results: The n-hexane fraction of G. mollis leaf extracts had significant activity against both COX-1 (IC50 =0.97± 1.9 μg/mL) and COX-2 (IC50 =1.13± 0.2 μg/mL) better than the indomethacin positive control (IC50 =1.3± 0.6 and 1.52± 0.2 μg/mL), respectively (p≤ 0.05). Also, all the extracts and fractions of G. mollis tested inhibited the activity of 15-LOX (IC50 =12.48± 2.9 to 29.43± 9.9 μg/mL) better than the quercetin reference control (IC50 =61.82± 5.5 μg/mL), with the butanol fraction demonstrating the best anti-15 LOX action (IC50 =12.48± 2.9 μg/mL). Furthermore, all the extracts and fractions of G. mollis had relatively lower cytotoxicity on vero monkey kidney cells (LD50 =30.56– 479± 0.07 μg/mL) compared to the doxorubicin positive control (LD50 =2.59 μg/mL), but the selectivity index (SI=1.04– 1.89) determination suggested that some of the extracts may contain toxic constituents.Conclusion: Organic extracts of the leaves of Grewia mollis contained bioactive molecules with potent action on COX-2 and 15-LOX. Targeted high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods have streamlined and enhanced bioactive compound isolation and purification process. This allows for the separation of undesirable compounds that could cause metabolic cytotoxicity in the plant extract mixtures. The method could be used to develop an alternative therapeutic strategy to manage pain associated with chronic inflammation where the use of NSAID is problematic.Keywords: Grewia mollis, anti-inflammatory, pain, plant extracts, COX, 15-LOXAdamu IIAdebayo SAAl-Shahrani MSDove Medical Pressarticlegrewia mollisanti-inflammatorypainplant extractscox15-loxPathologyRB1-214Therapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENJournal of Inflammation Research, Vol Volume 13, Pp 765-772 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	grewia mollis anti-inflammatory pain plant extracts cox 15-lox Pathology RB1-214 Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	grewia mollis anti-inflammatory pain plant extracts cox 15-lox Pathology RB1-214 Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Adamu II Adebayo SA Al-Shahrani MS Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro
description	Isa I Adamu,1,2 Salmon A Adebayo,3 Mohammad S Al-Shahrani4 1Physiology Unit Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 3Clinical Research, Neoteriks Health Research and Innovation, Indianapolis, IN 46254-2878, USA; 4Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Salmon A Adebayo Tel +1 (347) 744 4294Email adebayosa@tut.ac.zaIntroduction: Plant extracts are used to treat illnesses, promote health, and maintain general well-being in traditional medicine. Grewia mollis Juss (Malvaceae) is one of the medicinal herbs that is used traditionally to treat chronic diseases and related pain because currently used anti-inflammatory drugs may cause severe side effects, and naturally occurring compounds with reduced cytotoxicity could be explored for therapeutic goals.Materials and Methods: Dried leaf of G. mollis was extracted with aqueous and organic solvents and partitioned based on polarity using solvent-solvent methods. The extracts were tested in anti-inflammatory assays against cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenase, and the safety profile was determined in a cell-based in-vitro assay.Results: The n-hexane fraction of G. mollis leaf extracts had significant activity against both COX-1 (IC50 =0.97± 1.9 μg/mL) and COX-2 (IC50 =1.13± 0.2 μg/mL) better than the indomethacin positive control (IC50 =1.3± 0.6 and 1.52± 0.2 μg/mL), respectively (p≤ 0.05). Also, all the extracts and fractions of G. mollis tested inhibited the activity of 15-LOX (IC50 =12.48± 2.9 to 29.43± 9.9 μg/mL) better than the quercetin reference control (IC50 =61.82± 5.5 μg/mL), with the butanol fraction demonstrating the best anti-15 LOX action (IC50 =12.48± 2.9 μg/mL). Furthermore, all the extracts and fractions of G. mollis had relatively lower cytotoxicity on vero monkey kidney cells (LD50 =30.56– 479± 0.07 μg/mL) compared to the doxorubicin positive control (LD50 =2.59 μg/mL), but the selectivity index (SI=1.04– 1.89) determination suggested that some of the extracts may contain toxic constituents.Conclusion: Organic extracts of the leaves of Grewia mollis contained bioactive molecules with potent action on COX-2 and 15-LOX. Targeted high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods have streamlined and enhanced bioactive compound isolation and purification process. This allows for the separation of undesirable compounds that could cause metabolic cytotoxicity in the plant extract mixtures. The method could be used to develop an alternative therapeutic strategy to manage pain associated with chronic inflammation where the use of NSAID is problematic.Keywords: Grewia mollis, anti-inflammatory, pain, plant extracts, COX, 15-LOX
format	article
author	Adamu II Adebayo SA Al-Shahrani MS
author_facet	Adamu II Adebayo SA Al-Shahrani MS
author_sort	Adamu II
title	Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro
title_short	Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro
title_full	Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro
title_fullStr	Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro
title_full_unstemmed	Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro
title_sort	grewia mollis leaf extracts and fractions demonstrated good inhibitory activity on pro-inflammatory enzymes and with lower cytotoxicity in vitro
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/b781feee2afb4703a11b7b023c2a9779
work_keys_str_mv	AT adamuii grewiamollisleafextractsandfractionsdemonstratedgoodinhibitoryactivityonproinflammatoryenzymesandwithlowercytotoxicityinvitro AT adebayosa grewiamollisleafextractsandfractionsdemonstratedgoodinhibitoryactivityonproinflammatoryenzymesandwithlowercytotoxicityinvitro AT alshahranims grewiamollisleafextractsandfractionsdemonstratedgoodinhibitoryactivityonproinflammatoryenzymesandwithlowercytotoxicityinvitro
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Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro

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