Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda

Sanitation workers provide essential services that protect public health, often at the cost of their own health and safety. In this study, we evaluate occupational exposure to fecal pathogens at each stage in a non-sewered sanitation process. Bulk fecal waste samples were collected during waste coll...

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Autores principales:	Rachel Sklar, Zeyi Zhou, Wellars Ndayisaba, Ashley Muspratt, Erica R. Fuhrmeister, Kara Nelson, S. Katharine Hammond
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	occupational exposure quantitative microbial risk assessment resource recovery rwanda sanitation workers urban sanitation Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b7d672ddab0140d8983484615c1786bb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b7d672ddab0140d8983484615c1786bb2021-11-05T19:34:22ZRisk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda2043-90832408-936210.2166/washdev.2021.241https://doaj.org/article/b7d672ddab0140d8983484615c1786bb2021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttp://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/11/4/570https://doaj.org/toc/2043-9083https://doaj.org/toc/2408-9362Sanitation workers provide essential services that protect public health, often at the cost of their own health and safety. In this study, we evaluate occupational exposure to fecal pathogens at each stage in a non-sewered sanitation process. Bulk fecal waste samples were collected during waste collection and waste processing tasks and analyzed for Cryptosporidium, adenovirus, E. coli, and total coliforms using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture methods. Structured observations of worker hand-to-mouth behavior were conducted, and worker hand- and glove-rinse samples were collected and analyzed for E. coli and total coliforms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the dose of pathogen ingested and the risk of disease across two waste collection and processing tasks. The model results show that the probability of disease was highest from exposure to adenovirus during collection. Our analysis highlights that pathogen-to-indicator ratios are useful for predicting the risk to adenovirus which has a high detection rate. On the other hand, the use of pathogen-to-indicator ratios to predict Cryptosporidium concentration is fraught due to variable detection rates and concentration. HIGHLIGHTS This study outlines methods for conducting quantitative microbial risk assessments in low-resource settings.; Pathogen-to-indicator ratios specific to this study are constructed from primary data in order to minimize model uncertainty.; The probability of pathogen infection and disease was estimated for sanitation workers at each stage in a municipal scale fecal waste collection and waste-to-fuel process.;Rachel SklarZeyi ZhouWellars NdayisabaAshley MusprattErica R. FuhrmeisterKara NelsonS. Katharine HammondIWA Publishingarticleoccupational exposurequantitative microbial risk assessmentresource recoveryrwandasanitation workersurban sanitationEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENJournal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol 11, Iss 4, Pp 570-578 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	occupational exposure quantitative microbial risk assessment resource recovery rwanda sanitation workers urban sanitation Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
spellingShingle	occupational exposure quantitative microbial risk assessment resource recovery rwanda sanitation workers urban sanitation Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Rachel Sklar Zeyi Zhou Wellars Ndayisaba Ashley Muspratt Erica R. Fuhrmeister Kara Nelson S. Katharine Hammond Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda
description	Sanitation workers provide essential services that protect public health, often at the cost of their own health and safety. In this study, we evaluate occupational exposure to fecal pathogens at each stage in a non-sewered sanitation process. Bulk fecal waste samples were collected during waste collection and waste processing tasks and analyzed for Cryptosporidium, adenovirus, E. coli, and total coliforms using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture methods. Structured observations of worker hand-to-mouth behavior were conducted, and worker hand- and glove-rinse samples were collected and analyzed for E. coli and total coliforms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the dose of pathogen ingested and the risk of disease across two waste collection and processing tasks. The model results show that the probability of disease was highest from exposure to adenovirus during collection. Our analysis highlights that pathogen-to-indicator ratios are useful for predicting the risk to adenovirus which has a high detection rate. On the other hand, the use of pathogen-to-indicator ratios to predict Cryptosporidium concentration is fraught due to variable detection rates and concentration. HIGHLIGHTS This study outlines methods for conducting quantitative microbial risk assessments in low-resource settings.; Pathogen-to-indicator ratios specific to this study are constructed from primary data in order to minimize model uncertainty.; The probability of pathogen infection and disease was estimated for sanitation workers at each stage in a municipal scale fecal waste collection and waste-to-fuel process.;
format	article
author	Rachel Sklar Zeyi Zhou Wellars Ndayisaba Ashley Muspratt Erica R. Fuhrmeister Kara Nelson S. Katharine Hammond
author_facet	Rachel Sklar Zeyi Zhou Wellars Ndayisaba Ashley Muspratt Erica R. Fuhrmeister Kara Nelson S. Katharine Hammond
author_sort	Rachel Sklar
title	Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda
title_short	Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda
title_full	Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda
title_fullStr	Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda
title_full_unstemmed	Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda
title_sort	risk of adenovirus and cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from kigali, rwanda
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b7d672ddab0140d8983484615c1786bb
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Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda

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