Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is widely known for causing wilt disease in over 100 different plant species. Endophytic interactions of Fo with plants are much more common, and strains pathogenic on one plant species can even be beneficial endophytes on another species. However, endophytic and b...

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Autores principales:	Maria E. Constantin, Like Fokkens, Mara de Sain, Frank L. W. Takken, Martijn Rep
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	effectors endophyte Fusarium oxysporum miniature transposable element pathogen comparative genomics Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b805d3ae8dd8479480635c43f50b89ec
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b805d3ae8dd8479480635c43f50b89ec2021-12-01T12:53:42ZNumber of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.761740https://doaj.org/article/b805d3ae8dd8479480635c43f50b89ec2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.761740/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XThe fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is widely known for causing wilt disease in over 100 different plant species. Endophytic interactions of Fo with plants are much more common, and strains pathogenic on one plant species can even be beneficial endophytes on another species. However, endophytic and beneficial interactions have been much less investigated at the molecular level, and the genetic basis that underlies endophytic versus pathogenic behavior is unknown. To investigate this, 44 Fo strains from non-cultivated Australian soils, grass roots from Spain, and tomato stems from United States were characterized genotypically by whole genome sequencing, and phenotypically by examining their ability to symptomlessly colonize tomato plants and to confer resistance against Fusarium Wilt. Comparison of the genomes of the validated endophytic Fo strains with those of 102 pathogenic strains revealed that both groups have similar genomes sizes, with similar amount of accessory DNA. However, although endophytic strains can harbor homologs of known effector genes, they have typically fewer effector gene candidates and associated non-autonomous transposons (mimps) than pathogenic strains. A pathogenic ‘lifestyle’ is associated with extended effector gene catalogs and a set of “host specific” effectors. No candidate effector genes unique to endophytic strains isolated from the same plant species were found, implying little or no host-specific adaptation. As plant-beneficial interactions were observed to be common for the tested Fo isolates, the propensity for endophytism and the ability to confer biocontrol appears to be a predominant feature of this organism. These findings allow prediction of the lifestyle of a Fo strain based on its genome sequence as a potential pathogen or as a harmless or even beneficial endophyte by determining its effectorome and mimp number.Maria E. ConstantinLike FokkensMara de SainFrank L. W. TakkenMartijn RepFrontiers Media S.A.articleeffectorsendophyteFusarium oxysporumminiature transposable elementpathogencomparative genomicsPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	effectors endophyte Fusarium oxysporum miniature transposable element pathogen comparative genomics Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	effectors endophyte Fusarium oxysporum miniature transposable element pathogen comparative genomics Plant culture SB1-1110 Maria E. Constantin Like Fokkens Mara de Sain Frank L. W. Takken Martijn Rep Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains
description	The fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is widely known for causing wilt disease in over 100 different plant species. Endophytic interactions of Fo with plants are much more common, and strains pathogenic on one plant species can even be beneficial endophytes on another species. However, endophytic and beneficial interactions have been much less investigated at the molecular level, and the genetic basis that underlies endophytic versus pathogenic behavior is unknown. To investigate this, 44 Fo strains from non-cultivated Australian soils, grass roots from Spain, and tomato stems from United States were characterized genotypically by whole genome sequencing, and phenotypically by examining their ability to symptomlessly colonize tomato plants and to confer resistance against Fusarium Wilt. Comparison of the genomes of the validated endophytic Fo strains with those of 102 pathogenic strains revealed that both groups have similar genomes sizes, with similar amount of accessory DNA. However, although endophytic strains can harbor homologs of known effector genes, they have typically fewer effector gene candidates and associated non-autonomous transposons (mimps) than pathogenic strains. A pathogenic ‘lifestyle’ is associated with extended effector gene catalogs and a set of “host specific” effectors. No candidate effector genes unique to endophytic strains isolated from the same plant species were found, implying little or no host-specific adaptation. As plant-beneficial interactions were observed to be common for the tested Fo isolates, the propensity for endophytism and the ability to confer biocontrol appears to be a predominant feature of this organism. These findings allow prediction of the lifestyle of a Fo strain based on its genome sequence as a potential pathogen or as a harmless or even beneficial endophyte by determining its effectorome and mimp number.
format	article
author	Maria E. Constantin Like Fokkens Mara de Sain Frank L. W. Takken Martijn Rep
author_facet	Maria E. Constantin Like Fokkens Mara de Sain Frank L. W. Takken Martijn Rep
author_sort	Maria E. Constantin
title	Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains
title_short	Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains
title_full	Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains
title_fullStr	Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains
title_full_unstemmed	Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains
title_sort	number of candidate effector genes in accessory genomes differentiates pathogenic from endophytic fusarium oxysporum strains
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b805d3ae8dd8479480635c43f50b89ec
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Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains

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