The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder common from childhood to adulthood, affecting 5% to 12% among the general population in developed countries. Potential etiological factors have been identified, including genetic causes, environmental elements and epige...

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Autores principales:	Roser Granero, Alfred Pardo-Garrido, Ivonne Lorena Carpio-Toro, Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel, Pedro Carlos Martínez-Suárez, Geovanny Genaro Reivan-Ortiz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	ADHD zinc iron treatment children Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b888a072aa5e422a8f50aacf88d99d81
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b888a072aa5e422a8f50aacf88d99d812021-11-25T18:36:27ZThe Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials10.3390/nu131140592072-6643https://doaj.org/article/b888a072aa5e422a8f50aacf88d99d812021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/4059https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder common from childhood to adulthood, affecting 5% to 12% among the general population in developed countries. Potential etiological factors have been identified, including genetic causes, environmental elements and epigenetic components. Nutrition is currently considered an influencing factor, and several studies have explored the contribution of restriction and dietary supplements in ADHD treatments. Iron is an essential cofactor required for a number of functions, such as transport of oxygen, immune function, cellular respiration, neurotransmitter metabolism (dopamine production), and DNA synthesis. Zinc is also an essential trace element, required for cellular functions related to the metabolism of neurotransmitters, melatonin, and prostaglandins. Epidemiological studies have found that iron and zinc deficiencies are common nutritional deficits worldwide, with important roles on neurologic functions (poor memory, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness), finicky appetite, and mood changes (sadness and irritability). Altered levels of iron and zinc have been related with the aggravation and progression of ADHD. Objective: This is a systematic review focused on the contribution of iron and zinc in the progression of ADHD among children and adolescents, and how therapies including these elements are tolerated along with its effectiveness (according to PRISMA guidelines). Method: The scientific literature was screened for randomized controlled trials published between January 2000 to July 2021. The databases consulted were Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality and risk of bias (CONSORT, NICE, and Cochrane checklists used). Conclusion: Nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected. Evidence was obtained regarding the contribution of iron-zinc supplementation in the treatment of ADHD among young individuals. The discussion was focused on how the deficits of these elements contribute to affectation on multiple ADHD correlates, and potential mechanisms explaining the mediational pathways. Evidence also suggested that treating ADHD with diet interventions might be particularly useful for specific subgroups of children and adolescents, but further investigations of the effects of these diet interventions are needed.Roser GraneroAlfred Pardo-GarridoIvonne Lorena Carpio-ToroAndrés Alexis Ramírez-CoronelPedro Carlos Martínez-SuárezGeovanny Genaro Reivan-OrtizMDPI AGarticleADHDzincirontreatmentchildrenNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENNutrients, Vol 13, Iss 4059, p 4059 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ADHD zinc iron treatment children Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	ADHD zinc iron treatment children Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Roser Granero Alfred Pardo-Garrido Ivonne Lorena Carpio-Toro Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel Pedro Carlos Martínez-Suárez Geovanny Genaro Reivan-Ortiz The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
description	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder common from childhood to adulthood, affecting 5% to 12% among the general population in developed countries. Potential etiological factors have been identified, including genetic causes, environmental elements and epigenetic components. Nutrition is currently considered an influencing factor, and several studies have explored the contribution of restriction and dietary supplements in ADHD treatments. Iron is an essential cofactor required for a number of functions, such as transport of oxygen, immune function, cellular respiration, neurotransmitter metabolism (dopamine production), and DNA synthesis. Zinc is also an essential trace element, required for cellular functions related to the metabolism of neurotransmitters, melatonin, and prostaglandins. Epidemiological studies have found that iron and zinc deficiencies are common nutritional deficits worldwide, with important roles on neurologic functions (poor memory, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness), finicky appetite, and mood changes (sadness and irritability). Altered levels of iron and zinc have been related with the aggravation and progression of ADHD. Objective: This is a systematic review focused on the contribution of iron and zinc in the progression of ADHD among children and adolescents, and how therapies including these elements are tolerated along with its effectiveness (according to PRISMA guidelines). Method: The scientific literature was screened for randomized controlled trials published between January 2000 to July 2021. The databases consulted were Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality and risk of bias (CONSORT, NICE, and Cochrane checklists used). Conclusion: Nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected. Evidence was obtained regarding the contribution of iron-zinc supplementation in the treatment of ADHD among young individuals. The discussion was focused on how the deficits of these elements contribute to affectation on multiple ADHD correlates, and potential mechanisms explaining the mediational pathways. Evidence also suggested that treating ADHD with diet interventions might be particularly useful for specific subgroups of children and adolescents, but further investigations of the effects of these diet interventions are needed.
format	article
author	Roser Granero Alfred Pardo-Garrido Ivonne Lorena Carpio-Toro Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel Pedro Carlos Martínez-Suárez Geovanny Genaro Reivan-Ortiz
author_facet	Roser Granero Alfred Pardo-Garrido Ivonne Lorena Carpio-Toro Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel Pedro Carlos Martínez-Suárez Geovanny Genaro Reivan-Ortiz
author_sort	Roser Granero
title	The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
title_short	The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
title_full	The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
title_fullStr	The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
title_full_unstemmed	The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
title_sort	role of iron and zinc in the treatment of adhd among children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b888a072aa5e422a8f50aacf88d99d81
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The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

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