Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation

ABSTRACT Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt diseases on more than 200 plant species, including economically important crops and ornamental trees worldwide. The melanized microsclerotia enable the fungus to survive for years in soil and are crucial for its disease cycle. Previously...

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Autores principales:	Jun Yu, Tianyu Li, Longyan Tian, Chen Tang, Steven J. Klosterman, Chengming Tian, Yonglin Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	MAPKKK Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia pathogenicity stress response Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b889e5529da6468dbad4a34ce230dd45
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b889e5529da6468dbad4a34ce230dd452021-11-15T15:22:27ZTwo <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation10.1128/mSphere.00426-192379-5042https://doaj.org/article/b889e5529da6468dbad4a34ce230dd452019-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00426-19https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt diseases on more than 200 plant species, including economically important crops and ornamental trees worldwide. The melanized microsclerotia enable the fungus to survive for years in soil and are crucial for its disease cycle. Previously, we found that the VdPbs2-VdHog1 (V. dahliae Pbs2-V. dahliae Hog1) module plays key roles in microsclerotial formation, stress responses, and virulence in V. dahliae. In this study, two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) homologous to Ssk2p and Ste11p, which activate the Pbs2p-Hog1p module by phosphorylation in budding yeast, were identified in the genome of V. dahliae. Both ΔVdSsk2 (V. dahliae Ssk2) and ΔVdSte11 strains showed severe defects in microsclerotial formation and melanin biosynthesis, but the relative importance of these two genes in microsclerotial development was different. Deletion of VdSsk2, but not VdSte11, affected responses to osmotic stress, fungicidal response, and cell wall stressors. The ΔVdSsk2 strain exhibited a significant reduction in virulence, while the ΔVdSte11 strain was nonpathogenic due to failure to penetrate and form hyphopodia. Phosphorylation assays demonstrated that VdSsk2, but not VdSte11, can phosphorylate VdHog1 in V. dahliae. Moreover, VdCrz1, encoding a calcineurin-responsive zinc finger transcription factor and a key regulator of calcium signaling in fungi, was misregulated in the ΔVdSsk2, ΔVdPbs2, and ΔVdHog1 mutants. IMPORTANCE These data provide insights into the distinctive functions of VdSsk2 and VdSte11 in pathogenicity, stress adaptation, and microsclerotial formation in V. dahliae.Jun YuTianyu LiLongyan TianChen TangSteven J. KlostermanChengming TianYonglin WangAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMAPKKKVerticillium dahliaemicrosclerotiapathogenicitystress responseMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 4, Iss 4 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	MAPKKK Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia pathogenicity stress response Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	MAPKKK Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia pathogenicity stress response Microbiology QR1-502 Jun Yu Tianyu Li Longyan Tian Chen Tang Steven J. Klosterman Chengming Tian Yonglin Wang Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation
description	ABSTRACT Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt diseases on more than 200 plant species, including economically important crops and ornamental trees worldwide. The melanized microsclerotia enable the fungus to survive for years in soil and are crucial for its disease cycle. Previously, we found that the VdPbs2-VdHog1 (V. dahliae Pbs2-V. dahliae Hog1) module plays key roles in microsclerotial formation, stress responses, and virulence in V. dahliae. In this study, two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) homologous to Ssk2p and Ste11p, which activate the Pbs2p-Hog1p module by phosphorylation in budding yeast, were identified in the genome of V. dahliae. Both ΔVdSsk2 (V. dahliae Ssk2) and ΔVdSte11 strains showed severe defects in microsclerotial formation and melanin biosynthesis, but the relative importance of these two genes in microsclerotial development was different. Deletion of VdSsk2, but not VdSte11, affected responses to osmotic stress, fungicidal response, and cell wall stressors. The ΔVdSsk2 strain exhibited a significant reduction in virulence, while the ΔVdSte11 strain was nonpathogenic due to failure to penetrate and form hyphopodia. Phosphorylation assays demonstrated that VdSsk2, but not VdSte11, can phosphorylate VdHog1 in V. dahliae. Moreover, VdCrz1, encoding a calcineurin-responsive zinc finger transcription factor and a key regulator of calcium signaling in fungi, was misregulated in the ΔVdSsk2, ΔVdPbs2, and ΔVdHog1 mutants. IMPORTANCE These data provide insights into the distinctive functions of VdSsk2 and VdSte11 in pathogenicity, stress adaptation, and microsclerotial formation in V. dahliae.
format	article
author	Jun Yu Tianyu Li Longyan Tian Chen Tang Steven J. Klosterman Chengming Tian Yonglin Wang
author_facet	Jun Yu Tianyu Li Longyan Tian Chen Tang Steven J. Klosterman Chengming Tian Yonglin Wang
author_sort	Jun Yu
title	Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation
title_short	Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation
title_full	Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation
title_fullStr	Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation
title_full_unstemmed	Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation
title_sort	two <named-content content-type="genus-species">verticillium dahliae</named-content> mapkkks, vdssk2 and vdste11, have distinct roles in pathogenicity, microsclerotial formation, and stress adaptation
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/b889e5529da6468dbad4a34ce230dd45
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_version_	1718427972906516480

Two <named-content content-type="genus-species">Verticillium dahliae</named-content> MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation

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