Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial
Leandro Ferreira,1 Kátia Tanaka,1 Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz,2,3 José Carlos Fernandes Galduróz1 1Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 2Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cogni...
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Dove Medical Press
2015
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oai:doaj.org-article:b90f9409be6d49e186ab5d4bd79300552021-12-02T03:09:59ZRespiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial1178-1998https://doaj.org/article/b90f9409be6d49e186ab5d4bd79300552015-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/respiratory-training-as-strategy-to-prevent-cognitive-decline-in-aging-peer-reviewed-article-CIAhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-1998Leandro Ferreira,1 Kátia Tanaka,1 Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz,2,3 José Carlos Fernandes Galduróz1 1Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 2Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São André, SP, Brazil; 3Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Background: Inadequate oxygenation may cause lesions and brain atrophy during aging. Studies show a positive association between pulmonary function and the cognitive performance of individuals from middle age on. Objective: To investigate the effect of aerobic physical exercises and respiratory training on the blood oxygenation, pulmonary functions, and cognition of the elderly. Design: This was a randomized and controlled trial with three parallel groups. A total of 195 community-dwelling elderly were assessed for eligibility; only n=102 were included and allocated into the three groups, but after 6 months, n=68 were analyzed in the final sample. Participants were randomized into a social interaction group (the control group), an aerobic exercise group (the “walking” group), or a respiratory training group (the “breathing” group). The main outcome measures were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respiratory muscular strength, cirtometry (thoracic–abdominal circumference); oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SpO2), and hemogram. Results: No differences were observed for any of the blood parameters. Aerobic exercise and respiratory training were effective in improving the pulmonary parameters. Better cognitive performance was observed for the breathing group as regards abstraction and mental flexibility. The walking group remained stable in the cognitive performance of most of the tests, except attention. The control group presented worst performance in mental manipulation of information, abstraction, mental flexibility, and attention. Conclusion: Our results showed that both the walking and breathing groups presented improvement of pulmonary function. However, only the breathing group showed improved cognitive function (abstraction, mental flexibility). The improvement in cognitive functions cannot be explained by blood parameters, such as SpO2, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Keywords: breathing exercises, cognition, exerciseFerreira LTanaka KSantos-Galduróz RFGalduróz JCFDove Medical PressarticleAgingBreathing exercisesCognitionExercise.GeriatricsRC952-954.6ENClinical Interventions in Aging, Vol Volume 10, Pp 593-603 (2015) |
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Aging Breathing exercises Cognition Exercise. Geriatrics RC952-954.6 |
| spellingShingle |
Aging Breathing exercises Cognition Exercise. Geriatrics RC952-954.6 Ferreira L Tanaka K Santos-Galduróz RF Galduróz JCF Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| description |
Leandro Ferreira,1 Kátia Tanaka,1 Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz,2,3 José Carlos Fernandes Galduróz1 1Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 2Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São André, SP, Brazil; 3Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Background: Inadequate oxygenation may cause lesions and brain atrophy during aging. Studies show a positive association between pulmonary function and the cognitive performance of individuals from middle age on. Objective: To investigate the effect of aerobic physical exercises and respiratory training on the blood oxygenation, pulmonary functions, and cognition of the elderly. Design: This was a randomized and controlled trial with three parallel groups. A total of 195 community-dwelling elderly were assessed for eligibility; only n=102 were included and allocated into the three groups, but after 6 months, n=68 were analyzed in the final sample. Participants were randomized into a social interaction group (the control group), an aerobic exercise group (the “walking” group), or a respiratory training group (the “breathing” group). The main outcome measures were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respiratory muscular strength, cirtometry (thoracic–abdominal circumference); oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SpO2), and hemogram. Results: No differences were observed for any of the blood parameters. Aerobic exercise and respiratory training were effective in improving the pulmonary parameters. Better cognitive performance was observed for the breathing group as regards abstraction and mental flexibility. The walking group remained stable in the cognitive performance of most of the tests, except attention. The control group presented worst performance in mental manipulation of information, abstraction, mental flexibility, and attention. Conclusion: Our results showed that both the walking and breathing groups presented improvement of pulmonary function. However, only the breathing group showed improved cognitive function (abstraction, mental flexibility). The improvement in cognitive functions cannot be explained by blood parameters, such as SpO2, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Keywords: breathing exercises, cognition, exercise |
| format |
article |
| author |
Ferreira L Tanaka K Santos-Galduróz RF Galduróz JCF |
| author_facet |
Ferreira L Tanaka K Santos-Galduróz RF Galduróz JCF |
| author_sort |
Ferreira L |
| title |
Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| title_short |
Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| title_full |
Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| title_fullStr |
Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| title_sort |
respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial |
| publisher |
Dove Medical Press |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/b90f9409be6d49e186ab5d4bd7930055 |
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