Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens

Trichoplax adhaerens are simple animals with no nervous system, muscles or body axis. Nevertheless, Trichoplax demonstrate complex behaviors, including responses to the direction of the gravity vector. They have only six somatic cell types, and one of them, crys...

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Autor principal:	Tatiana D. Mayorova
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Trichoplax</i> Placozoa cell type evolution gravireception crystal cell biomineralization Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b93160b2536446e49a40dd3434a346fc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b93160b2536446e49a40dd3434a346fc2021-11-25T18:04:32ZDifferentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>10.3390/jmse91112292077-1312https://doaj.org/article/b93160b2536446e49a40dd3434a346fc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1229https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312<i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i> are simple animals with no nervous system, muscles or body axis. Nevertheless, <i>Trichoplax</i> demonstrate complex behaviors, including responses to the direction of the gravity vector. They have only six somatic cell types, and one of them, crystal cells, has been implicated in gravity reception. Multiple crystal cells are scattered near the rim of the pancake-shaped animal; each contains a cup-shaped nucleus and an intracellular crystal, which aligns its position according to the gravity force. Little is known about the development of any cell type in <i>Trichoplax</i>, which, in the laboratory, propagate exclusively by binary fission. Electron and light microscopy were used to investigate the stages by which crystal cells develop their mature phenotypes and distributions. Nascent crystal cells, identified by their possession of a small crystal, were located farther from the rim than mature crystal cells, indicating that crystal cells undergo displacement during maturation. They were elongated in shape and their nucleus was rounded. The crystal develops inside a vacuole flanked by multiple mitochondria, which, perhaps, supply molecules needed for the biomineralization process underlying crystal formation. This research sheds light on the development of unique cells with internal biomineralization and poses questions for further research.Tatiana D. MayorovaMDPI AGarticle<i>Trichoplax</i>Placozoacell type evolutiongravireceptioncrystal cellbiomineralizationNaval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineeringVM1-989OceanographyGC1-1581ENJournal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 9, Iss 1229, p 1229 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Trichoplax</i> Placozoa cell type evolution gravireception crystal cell biomineralization Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
spellingShingle	<i>Trichoplax</i> Placozoa cell type evolution gravireception crystal cell biomineralization Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Tatiana D. Mayorova Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>
description	<i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i> are simple animals with no nervous system, muscles or body axis. Nevertheless, <i>Trichoplax</i> demonstrate complex behaviors, including responses to the direction of the gravity vector. They have only six somatic cell types, and one of them, crystal cells, has been implicated in gravity reception. Multiple crystal cells are scattered near the rim of the pancake-shaped animal; each contains a cup-shaped nucleus and an intracellular crystal, which aligns its position according to the gravity force. Little is known about the development of any cell type in <i>Trichoplax</i>, which, in the laboratory, propagate exclusively by binary fission. Electron and light microscopy were used to investigate the stages by which crystal cells develop their mature phenotypes and distributions. Nascent crystal cells, identified by their possession of a small crystal, were located farther from the rim than mature crystal cells, indicating that crystal cells undergo displacement during maturation. They were elongated in shape and their nucleus was rounded. The crystal develops inside a vacuole flanked by multiple mitochondria, which, perhaps, supply molecules needed for the biomineralization process underlying crystal formation. This research sheds light on the development of unique cells with internal biomineralization and poses questions for further research.
format	article
author	Tatiana D. Mayorova
author_facet	Tatiana D. Mayorova
author_sort	Tatiana D. Mayorova
title	Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>
title_short	Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>
title_full	Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>
title_fullStr	Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>
title_sort	differentiation of crystal cells, gravity-sensing cells in the placozoan <i>trichoplax adhaerens</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b93160b2536446e49a40dd3434a346fc
work_keys_str_mv	AT tatianadmayorova differentiationofcrystalcellsgravitysensingcellsintheplacozoanitrichoplaxadhaerensi
_version_	1718411703970955264

Differentiation of Crystal Cells, Gravity-Sensing Cells in the Placozoan <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>

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