5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy

Background: Aerobic exercise is proposed to attenuate cognitive decline in aging. We investigated the effect of different aerobic exercise interventions and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) upon cognition throughout a 5-year exercise intervention in older adults.Methods: 106 older adults (52 women, a...

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Autores principales:	Daniel R. Sokołowski, Tor I. Hansen, Henning H. Rise, Line S. Reitlo, Ulrik Wisløff, Dorthe Stensvold, Asta K. Håberg
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	neuropsychology prevention aerobic training recall executive abilities seniors Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b96dbe9f2fd44fb2972166b0fccae834
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b96dbe9f2fd44fb2972166b0fccae8342021-11-16T14:53:50Z5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy1663-436510.3389/fnagi.2021.742587https://doaj.org/article/b96dbe9f2fd44fb2972166b0fccae8342021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1663-4365Background: Aerobic exercise is proposed to attenuate cognitive decline in aging. We investigated the effect of different aerobic exercise interventions and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) upon cognition throughout a 5-year exercise intervention in older adults.Methods: 106 older adults (52 women, age 70-77 years) were randomized into high-intensity interval training (HIIT; ∼90% peak heart rate), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; ∼70% peak heart rate), or control for 5 years. The HIIT and MICT groups performed supervised training twice weekly, while the control group was asked to follow the national physical activity guidelines (30 min of physical activity/day). At baseline, 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up, participants partook in cognitive testing (spatial memory, verbal memory, pattern separation, processing speed, working memory, and planning ability), underwent clinical testing, and filled out health-related questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of the exercise group and CRF (measured as peak and max oxygen uptake) on each cognitive test. The effects of changes in CRF on changes in each cognitive test score throughout the intervention were also assessed. The associations between baseline CRF and cognitive abilities at the follow-ups were investigated using linear regressions.Results: There was no group-by-time interaction on the cognitive measures, and neither HIIT nor MICT participation was associated with better cognitive performance than control at any time point during the 5-year intervention. All groups increased their CRF similarly during the 1st year and subsequently declined back to baseline levels after 5 years. A higher CRF was associated with higher processing speed throughout the intervention while increasing CRF during the intervention was associated with better working memory and worse pattern separation. Higher CRF at baseline predicted consistently better processing speed and verbal memory performance.Conclusion: In this first 5-year randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of HIIT, MICT, and physical activity according to national guidelines on cognition, we observed no effect of exercise intervention group on cognition when compared to following the national physical activity guidelines. Still, the results showed that higher CRF and increasing CRF benefited multiple, but not all, cognitive abilities in older adults.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT01666340].Daniel R. SokołowskiDaniel R. SokołowskiTor I. HansenTor I. HansenHenning H. RiseLine S. ReitloLine S. ReitloUlrik WisløffUlrik WisløffDorthe StensvoldAsta K. HåbergAsta K. HåbergFrontiers Media S.A.articleneuropsychologypreventionaerobic trainingrecallexecutive abilitiesseniorsNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Vol 13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	neuropsychology prevention aerobic training recall executive abilities seniors Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	neuropsychology prevention aerobic training recall executive abilities seniors Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Daniel R. Sokołowski Daniel R. Sokołowski Tor I. Hansen Tor I. Hansen Henning H. Rise Line S. Reitlo Line S. Reitlo Ulrik Wisløff Ulrik Wisløff Dorthe Stensvold Asta K. Håberg Asta K. Håberg 5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy
description	Background: Aerobic exercise is proposed to attenuate cognitive decline in aging. We investigated the effect of different aerobic exercise interventions and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) upon cognition throughout a 5-year exercise intervention in older adults.Methods: 106 older adults (52 women, age 70-77 years) were randomized into high-intensity interval training (HIIT; ∼90% peak heart rate), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; ∼70% peak heart rate), or control for 5 years. The HIIT and MICT groups performed supervised training twice weekly, while the control group was asked to follow the national physical activity guidelines (30 min of physical activity/day). At baseline, 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up, participants partook in cognitive testing (spatial memory, verbal memory, pattern separation, processing speed, working memory, and planning ability), underwent clinical testing, and filled out health-related questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of the exercise group and CRF (measured as peak and max oxygen uptake) on each cognitive test. The effects of changes in CRF on changes in each cognitive test score throughout the intervention were also assessed. The associations between baseline CRF and cognitive abilities at the follow-ups were investigated using linear regressions.Results: There was no group-by-time interaction on the cognitive measures, and neither HIIT nor MICT participation was associated with better cognitive performance than control at any time point during the 5-year intervention. All groups increased their CRF similarly during the 1st year and subsequently declined back to baseline levels after 5 years. A higher CRF was associated with higher processing speed throughout the intervention while increasing CRF during the intervention was associated with better working memory and worse pattern separation. Higher CRF at baseline predicted consistently better processing speed and verbal memory performance.Conclusion: In this first 5-year randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of HIIT, MICT, and physical activity according to national guidelines on cognition, we observed no effect of exercise intervention group on cognition when compared to following the national physical activity guidelines. Still, the results showed that higher CRF and increasing CRF benefited multiple, but not all, cognitive abilities in older adults.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT01666340].
format	article
author	Daniel R. Sokołowski Daniel R. Sokołowski Tor I. Hansen Tor I. Hansen Henning H. Rise Line S. Reitlo Line S. Reitlo Ulrik Wisløff Ulrik Wisløff Dorthe Stensvold Asta K. Håberg Asta K. Håberg
author_facet	Daniel R. Sokołowski Daniel R. Sokołowski Tor I. Hansen Tor I. Hansen Henning H. Rise Line S. Reitlo Line S. Reitlo Ulrik Wisløff Ulrik Wisløff Dorthe Stensvold Asta K. Håberg Asta K. Håberg
author_sort	Daniel R. Sokołowski
title	5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy
title_short	5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy
title_full	5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy
title_fullStr	5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy
title_full_unstemmed	5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy
title_sort	5 years of exercise intervention did not benefit cognition compared to the physical activity guidelines in older adults, but higher cardiorespiratory fitness did. a generation 100 substudy
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b96dbe9f2fd44fb2972166b0fccae834
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5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy

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