Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review

People with Down syndrome have unique characteristics as a result of the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Regarding cancer, they present a unique pattern of tumors, which has not been fully explained to date. Globally, people with Down syndrome have a similar lifetime risk of developing cancer co...

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Autores principales:	Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco, Mónica López-Barahona, Blanca López-Ibor, Águeda Mercedes Tejera
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	down syndrome cancer metabolism microRNA trisomy 21 tumor suppressor genes Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b989ad15327e49c29016297b86e3ee3b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b989ad15327e49c29016297b86e3ee3b2021-11-05T10:04:44ZTen Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review1664-802110.3389/fgene.2021.749480https://doaj.org/article/b989ad15327e49c29016297b86e3ee3b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.749480/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-8021People with Down syndrome have unique characteristics as a result of the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Regarding cancer, they present a unique pattern of tumors, which has not been fully explained to date. Globally, people with Down syndrome have a similar lifetime risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. However, they have a very increased risk of developing certain tumors (e.g., acute leukemia, germ cell tumors, testicular tumors and retinoblastoma) and, on the contrary, there are some other tumors which appear only exceptionally in this syndrome (e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor). Various hypotheses have been developed to explain this situation. The genetic imbalance secondary to the presence of an extra chromosome 21 has molecular consequences at several levels, not only in chromosome 21 but also throughout the genome. In this review, we discuss the different proposed mechanisms that protect individuals with trisomy 21 from developing solid tumors: genetic dosage effect, tumor suppressor genes overexpression, disturbed metabolism, impaired neurogenesis and angiogenesis, increased apoptosis, immune system dysregulation, epigenetic aberrations and the effect of different microRNAs, among others. More research into the molecular pathways involved in this unique pattern of malignancies is still needed.Marta Pilar Osuna-MarcoMarta Pilar Osuna-MarcoMónica López-BarahonaBlanca López-IborÁgueda Mercedes TejeraFrontiers Media S.A.articledown syndromecancermetabolismmicroRNAtrisomy 21tumor suppressor genesGeneticsQH426-470ENFrontiers in Genetics, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	down syndrome cancer metabolism microRNA trisomy 21 tumor suppressor genes Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	down syndrome cancer metabolism microRNA trisomy 21 tumor suppressor genes Genetics QH426-470 Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco Mónica López-Barahona Blanca López-Ibor Águeda Mercedes Tejera Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review
description	People with Down syndrome have unique characteristics as a result of the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Regarding cancer, they present a unique pattern of tumors, which has not been fully explained to date. Globally, people with Down syndrome have a similar lifetime risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. However, they have a very increased risk of developing certain tumors (e.g., acute leukemia, germ cell tumors, testicular tumors and retinoblastoma) and, on the contrary, there are some other tumors which appear only exceptionally in this syndrome (e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor). Various hypotheses have been developed to explain this situation. The genetic imbalance secondary to the presence of an extra chromosome 21 has molecular consequences at several levels, not only in chromosome 21 but also throughout the genome. In this review, we discuss the different proposed mechanisms that protect individuals with trisomy 21 from developing solid tumors: genetic dosage effect, tumor suppressor genes overexpression, disturbed metabolism, impaired neurogenesis and angiogenesis, increased apoptosis, immune system dysregulation, epigenetic aberrations and the effect of different microRNAs, among others. More research into the molecular pathways involved in this unique pattern of malignancies is still needed.
format	article
author	Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco Mónica López-Barahona Blanca López-Ibor Águeda Mercedes Tejera
author_facet	Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco Mónica López-Barahona Blanca López-Ibor Águeda Mercedes Tejera
author_sort	Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco
title	Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review
title_short	Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review
title_full	Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review
title_fullStr	Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review
title_sort	ten reasons why people with down syndrome are protected from the development of most solid tumors -a review
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b989ad15327e49c29016297b86e3ee3b
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Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review

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