Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxid...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | article |
| Language: | EN |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doaj.org/article/b9df6ff41bca4607ac1730a08b0b229f |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxidant capacity; however, relatively few studies have reported the effect of weak ARW at pH 8.5 on OS, especially in vitro. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-oxidative efficacy of weak ARW with negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and relatively high hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) concentration, as compared to tap water (TW) and ARW at pH 9.5. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce OS, were used as a control (Con) and then treated with TW and ARW at pH 8.5 (ARW_8.5) and pH 9.5 (ARW_9.5) at different concentrations (0.1%, 1%, and 10% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). Results showed that cell viability was significantly restored after treatment with both ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 compared to Con/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Con/LPS, while TW treatment did not induce significant changes. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca<sup>2+</sup>, catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GPx) showed significant differences in a concentration-dependent manner in ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 groups compared to Con/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Con/LPS groups. Likewise, the expression of p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK was also significantly reduced in the ARW-treated groups, but not in the TW group. In conclusion, ARW_8.5 exhibited anti-oxidative effects through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, indicating the health-promoting potential of weak ARW through daily intake. |
|---|