Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells

Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxid...

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Autores principales:	Thuy Thi Trinh, Ailyn Fadriquela, Johny Bajgai, Subham Sharma, Md. Habibur Rahman, Seong-Hoon Goh, Song-Sik Khang, Woo-Rham Khang, Cheol-Su Kim, Kyu-Jae Lee
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	alkaline reduced water anti-oxidative effect RAW 264.7 MAPK Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b9df6ff41bca4607ac1730a08b0b229f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b9df6ff41bca4607ac1730a08b0b229f2021-11-25T18:51:54ZAnti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells10.3390/pr91120622227-9717https://doaj.org/article/b9df6ff41bca4607ac1730a08b0b229f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/11/2062https://doaj.org/toc/2227-9717Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxidant capacity; however, relatively few studies have reported the effect of weak ARW at pH 8.5 on OS, especially in vitro. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-oxidative efficacy of weak ARW with negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and relatively high hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) concentration, as compared to tap water (TW) and ARW at pH 9.5. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce OS, were used as a control (Con) and then treated with TW and ARW at pH 8.5 (ARW_8.5) and pH 9.5 (ARW_9.5) at different concentrations (0.1%, 1%, and 10% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). Results showed that cell viability was significantly restored after treatment with both ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 compared to Con/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Con/LPS, while TW treatment did not induce significant changes. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca<sup>2+</sup>, catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GPx) showed significant differences in a concentration-dependent manner in ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 groups compared to Con/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Con/LPS groups. Likewise, the expression of p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK was also significantly reduced in the ARW-treated groups, but not in the TW group. In conclusion, ARW_8.5 exhibited anti-oxidative effects through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, indicating the health-promoting potential of weak ARW through daily intake.Thuy Thi TrinhAilyn FadriquelaJohny BajgaiSubham SharmaMd. Habibur RahmanSeong-Hoon GohSong-Sik KhangWoo-Rham KhangCheol-Su KimKyu-Jae LeeMDPI AGarticlealkaline reduced wateranti-oxidative effectRAW 264.7MAPKChemical technologyTP1-1185ChemistryQD1-999ENProcesses, Vol 9, Iss 2062, p 2062 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	alkaline reduced water anti-oxidative effect RAW 264.7 MAPK Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	alkaline reduced water anti-oxidative effect RAW 264.7 MAPK Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999 Thuy Thi Trinh Ailyn Fadriquela Johny Bajgai Subham Sharma Md. Habibur Rahman Seong-Hoon Goh Song-Sik Khang Woo-Rham Khang Cheol-Su Kim Kyu-Jae Lee Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
description	Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxidant capacity; however, relatively few studies have reported the effect of weak ARW at pH 8.5 on OS, especially in vitro. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-oxidative efficacy of weak ARW with negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and relatively high hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) concentration, as compared to tap water (TW) and ARW at pH 9.5. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce OS, were used as a control (Con) and then treated with TW and ARW at pH 8.5 (ARW_8.5) and pH 9.5 (ARW_9.5) at different concentrations (0.1%, 1%, and 10% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). Results showed that cell viability was significantly restored after treatment with both ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 compared to Con/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Con/LPS, while TW treatment did not induce significant changes. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca<sup>2+</sup>, catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GPx) showed significant differences in a concentration-dependent manner in ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 groups compared to Con/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Con/LPS groups. Likewise, the expression of p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK was also significantly reduced in the ARW-treated groups, but not in the TW group. In conclusion, ARW_8.5 exhibited anti-oxidative effects through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, indicating the health-promoting potential of weak ARW through daily intake.
format	article
author	Thuy Thi Trinh Ailyn Fadriquela Johny Bajgai Subham Sharma Md. Habibur Rahman Seong-Hoon Goh Song-Sik Khang Woo-Rham Khang Cheol-Su Kim Kyu-Jae Lee
author_facet	Thuy Thi Trinh Ailyn Fadriquela Johny Bajgai Subham Sharma Md. Habibur Rahman Seong-Hoon Goh Song-Sik Khang Woo-Rham Khang Cheol-Su Kim Kyu-Jae Lee
author_sort	Thuy Thi Trinh
title	Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
title_short	Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
title_full	Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
title_fullStr	Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
title_full_unstemmed	Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells
title_sort	anti-oxidative effect of weak alkaline reduced water in raw 264.7 murine macrophage cells
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b9df6ff41bca4607ac1730a08b0b229f
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Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells

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