Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil

The use of heterogeneous catalysts to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through transesterification with methanol might contribute to both green chemistry and a circular economy, as the process can be simplified, not requiring additional stages to recover the catalyst once the reaction takes p...

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Autores principales:	José María Encinar, Juan Félix González, Gloria Martínez, Sergio Nogales-Delgado
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	biodiesel scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffraction reusability kinetic study Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ba2a7eea38b143c4bd626d40fff6fb79
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ba2a7eea38b143c4bd626d40fff6fb792021-11-25T17:06:52ZUse of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil10.3390/catal111114052073-4344https://doaj.org/article/ba2a7eea38b143c4bd626d40fff6fb792021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/11/1405https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4344The use of heterogeneous catalysts to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through transesterification with methanol might contribute to both green chemistry and a circular economy, as the process can be simplified, not requiring additional stages to recover the catalyst once the reaction takes place. For this purpose, different catalysts are used, including a wide range of possibilities. In this research the use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as a heterogeneous catalyst for FAME production through transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol is considered. A thorough characterization of the catalyst (including XDR and XPS analysis, SEM microscopy, lixiviation and reusability tests, among others), specific optimization of transesterification by using the final catalyst (considering catalyst amount, stirring rate, methanol/oil ratio, and temperature), and quality determination of the final biodiesel (following the UNE-EN 14214 standard) were carried out. In conclusion, 20 mmol<sub>Na</sub>·g<sub>support</sub><sup>−1</sup> (that is, NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl 20/1) offered the best results, with a high activity (exceeding 99% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of FAMEs) without requiring higher impregnation amounts. The best chemical conditions for this heterogeneous catalyst were 5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> catalyst, 700 rpm, 9:1 methanol/oil ratio, and 65 °C, obtaining E<sub>a</sub> = 73.3 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> and a high-quality biodiesel, similar to those obtained through homogeneous catalysis. Consequently, this catalyst could be a suitable precursor for FAME production.José María EncinarJuan Félix GonzálezGloria MartínezSergio Nogales-DelgadoMDPI AGarticlebiodieselscanning electron microscopyX-ray diffractionreusabilitykinetic studyChemical technologyTP1-1185ChemistryQD1-999ENCatalysts, Vol 11, Iss 1405, p 1405 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	biodiesel scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffraction reusability kinetic study Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	biodiesel scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffraction reusability kinetic study Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999 José María Encinar Juan Félix González Gloria Martínez Sergio Nogales-Delgado Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil
description	The use of heterogeneous catalysts to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through transesterification with methanol might contribute to both green chemistry and a circular economy, as the process can be simplified, not requiring additional stages to recover the catalyst once the reaction takes place. For this purpose, different catalysts are used, including a wide range of possibilities. In this research the use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as a heterogeneous catalyst for FAME production through transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol is considered. A thorough characterization of the catalyst (including XDR and XPS analysis, SEM microscopy, lixiviation and reusability tests, among others), specific optimization of transesterification by using the final catalyst (considering catalyst amount, stirring rate, methanol/oil ratio, and temperature), and quality determination of the final biodiesel (following the UNE-EN 14214 standard) were carried out. In conclusion, 20 mmol<sub>Na</sub>·g<sub>support</sub><sup>−1</sup> (that is, NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl 20/1) offered the best results, with a high activity (exceeding 99% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of FAMEs) without requiring higher impregnation amounts. The best chemical conditions for this heterogeneous catalyst were 5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> catalyst, 700 rpm, 9:1 methanol/oil ratio, and 65 °C, obtaining E<sub>a</sub> = 73.3 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> and a high-quality biodiesel, similar to those obtained through homogeneous catalysis. Consequently, this catalyst could be a suitable precursor for FAME production.
format	article
author	José María Encinar Juan Félix González Gloria Martínez Sergio Nogales-Delgado
author_facet	José María Encinar Juan Félix González Gloria Martínez Sergio Nogales-Delgado
author_sort	José María Encinar
title	Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil
title_short	Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil
title_full	Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil
title_fullStr	Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil
title_full_unstemmed	Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil
title_sort	use of nano<sub>3</sub>/sial as heterogeneous catalyst for fatty acid methyl ester production from rapeseed oil
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ba2a7eea38b143c4bd626d40fff6fb79
work_keys_str_mv	AT josemariaencinar useofnanosub3subsialasheterogeneouscatalystforfattyacidmethylesterproductionfromrapeseedoil AT juanfelixgonzalez useofnanosub3subsialasheterogeneouscatalystforfattyacidmethylesterproductionfromrapeseedoil AT gloriamartinez useofnanosub3subsialasheterogeneouscatalystforfattyacidmethylesterproductionfromrapeseedoil AT sergionogalesdelgado useofnanosub3subsialasheterogeneouscatalystforfattyacidmethylesterproductionfromrapeseedoil
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Use of NaNO<sub>3</sub>/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil

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