Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress

Microorganisms produce various secondary metabolites for growth and survival. During iron stress, they produce secondary metabolites termed siderophores. In the current investigation, antifungal activity of catecholate siderophore produced by Escherichia coli has been assessed against Aspergillus ni...

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Autores principales:	Azmi Khan, Pratika Singh, Ravinsh Kumar, Sujit Das, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Usha Mina, Ganesh Kumar Agrawal, Randeep Rakwal, Abhijit Sarkar, Amrita Srivastava
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	siderophore antimicrobials fungi oxidative stress protein modeling Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ba5879b43ddc40faa92233572399070e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ba5879b43ddc40faa92233572399070e2021-11-05T23:36:35ZAntifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress1664-302X10.3389/fmicb.2021.729032https://doaj.org/article/ba5879b43ddc40faa92233572399070e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.729032/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-302XMicroorganisms produce various secondary metabolites for growth and survival. During iron stress, they produce secondary metabolites termed siderophores. In the current investigation, antifungal activity of catecholate siderophore produced by Escherichia coli has been assessed against Aspergillus nidulans. Exogenous application of the bacterial siderophore to fungal cultures resulted in decreased colony size, increased filament length, and changes in hyphal branching pattern. Growth inhibition was accompanied with increased intracellular iron content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dose-dependent alteration in fungal morphology. Fluorescent staining by propidium iodide revealed cell death in concert with growth inhibition with increasing siderophore concentration. Antioxidative enzyme activity was also compromised with significant increase in catalase activity and decrease in ascorbate peroxidase activity. Siderophore-treated cultures showed increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species as observed by fluorescence microscopy and enhanced membrane damage in terms of malondialdehyde content. Antifungal property might thus be attributed to xenosiderophore-mediated iron uptake leading to cell death. STRING analysis showed interaction of MirB (involved in transport of hydroxamate siderophore) and MirA (involved in transport of catecholate siderophore), confirming the possibility of uptake of iron–xenosiderophore complex through fungal transporters. MirA structure was modeled and validated with 95% residues occurring in the allowed region. In silico analysis revealed MirA–Enterobactin–Fe3+ complex formation. Thus, the present study reveals a promising antifungal agent in the form of catecholate siderophore and supports involvement of MirA fungal receptors in xenosiderophore uptake.Azmi KhanPratika SinghRavinsh KumarSujit DasRakesh Kumar SinghUsha MinaGanesh Kumar AgrawalRandeep RakwalAbhijit SarkarAmrita SrivastavaFrontiers Media S.A.articlesiderophoreantimicrobialsfungioxidative stressprotein modelingMicrobiologyQR1-502ENFrontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	siderophore antimicrobials fungi oxidative stress protein modeling Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	siderophore antimicrobials fungi oxidative stress protein modeling Microbiology QR1-502 Azmi Khan Pratika Singh Ravinsh Kumar Sujit Das Rakesh Kumar Singh Usha Mina Ganesh Kumar Agrawal Randeep Rakwal Abhijit Sarkar Amrita Srivastava Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress
description	Microorganisms produce various secondary metabolites for growth and survival. During iron stress, they produce secondary metabolites termed siderophores. In the current investigation, antifungal activity of catecholate siderophore produced by Escherichia coli has been assessed against Aspergillus nidulans. Exogenous application of the bacterial siderophore to fungal cultures resulted in decreased colony size, increased filament length, and changes in hyphal branching pattern. Growth inhibition was accompanied with increased intracellular iron content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dose-dependent alteration in fungal morphology. Fluorescent staining by propidium iodide revealed cell death in concert with growth inhibition with increasing siderophore concentration. Antioxidative enzyme activity was also compromised with significant increase in catalase activity and decrease in ascorbate peroxidase activity. Siderophore-treated cultures showed increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species as observed by fluorescence microscopy and enhanced membrane damage in terms of malondialdehyde content. Antifungal property might thus be attributed to xenosiderophore-mediated iron uptake leading to cell death. STRING analysis showed interaction of MirB (involved in transport of hydroxamate siderophore) and MirA (involved in transport of catecholate siderophore), confirming the possibility of uptake of iron–xenosiderophore complex through fungal transporters. MirA structure was modeled and validated with 95% residues occurring in the allowed region. In silico analysis revealed MirA–Enterobactin–Fe3+ complex formation. Thus, the present study reveals a promising antifungal agent in the form of catecholate siderophore and supports involvement of MirA fungal receptors in xenosiderophore uptake.
format	article
author	Azmi Khan Pratika Singh Ravinsh Kumar Sujit Das Rakesh Kumar Singh Usha Mina Ganesh Kumar Agrawal Randeep Rakwal Abhijit Sarkar Amrita Srivastava
author_facet	Azmi Khan Pratika Singh Ravinsh Kumar Sujit Das Rakesh Kumar Singh Usha Mina Ganesh Kumar Agrawal Randeep Rakwal Abhijit Sarkar Amrita Srivastava
author_sort	Azmi Khan
title	Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress
title_short	Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress
title_full	Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress
title_fullStr	Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress
title_full_unstemmed	Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress
title_sort	antifungal activity of siderophore isolated from escherichia coli against aspergillus nidulans via iron-mediated oxidative stress
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ba5879b43ddc40faa92233572399070e
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Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress

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