Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder accountable for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. The etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial in origin. The formation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation, persistent oxidative...

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Autores principales:	Shadab Md, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Mohamed A. Alfaleh, Obaid Afzal, Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi, Ashif Iqubal, Rasheed A. Shaik
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	glial cells neuroinflammation dementia signaling pathways immunopathology nanocarriers Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bae06ef507ca49a3a848e5c0c78958b4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bae06ef507ca49a3a848e5c0c78958b42021-11-25T18:07:19ZMechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches10.3390/jpm111111162075-4426https://doaj.org/article/bae06ef507ca49a3a848e5c0c78958b42021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1116https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4426Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder accountable for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. The etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial in origin. The formation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation, persistent oxidative stress, and alteration in signaling pathways have been extensively explored among the various etiological hallmarks. However, more recently, the immunogenic regulation of AD has been identified, and macroglial activation is considered a limiting factor in its etiological cascade. Macroglial activation causes neuroinflammation via modulation of the NLRP3/NF-kB/p38 MAPKs pathway and is also involved in tau pathology via modulation of the GSK-3β/p38 MAPK pathways. Additionally, microglial activation contributes to the discrete release of neurotransmitters and an altered neuronal synaptic plasticity. Therefore, activated microglial cells appear to be an emerging target for managing and treating AD. This review article discussed the pathology of microglial activation in AD and the role of various nanocarrier-based anti-Alzeihmenr’s therapeutic approaches that can either reverse or inhibit this activation. Thus, as a targeted drug delivery system, nanocarrier approaches could emerge as a novel means to overcome existing AD therapy limitations.Shadab MdNabil A. AlhakamyMohamed A. AlfalehObaid AfzalAbdulmalik S. A. AltamimiAshif IqubalRasheed A. ShaikMDPI AGarticleglial cellsneuroinflammationdementiasignaling pathwaysimmunopathologynanocarriersMedicineRENJournal of Personalized Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 1116, p 1116 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	glial cells neuroinflammation dementia signaling pathways immunopathology nanocarriers Medicine R
spellingShingle	glial cells neuroinflammation dementia signaling pathways immunopathology nanocarriers Medicine R Shadab Md Nabil A. Alhakamy Mohamed A. Alfaleh Obaid Afzal Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi Ashif Iqubal Rasheed A. Shaik Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches
description	Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder accountable for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. The etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial in origin. The formation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation, persistent oxidative stress, and alteration in signaling pathways have been extensively explored among the various etiological hallmarks. However, more recently, the immunogenic regulation of AD has been identified, and macroglial activation is considered a limiting factor in its etiological cascade. Macroglial activation causes neuroinflammation via modulation of the NLRP3/NF-kB/p38 MAPKs pathway and is also involved in tau pathology via modulation of the GSK-3β/p38 MAPK pathways. Additionally, microglial activation contributes to the discrete release of neurotransmitters and an altered neuronal synaptic plasticity. Therefore, activated microglial cells appear to be an emerging target for managing and treating AD. This review article discussed the pathology of microglial activation in AD and the role of various nanocarrier-based anti-Alzeihmenr’s therapeutic approaches that can either reverse or inhibit this activation. Thus, as a targeted drug delivery system, nanocarrier approaches could emerge as a novel means to overcome existing AD therapy limitations.
format	article
author	Shadab Md Nabil A. Alhakamy Mohamed A. Alfaleh Obaid Afzal Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi Ashif Iqubal Rasheed A. Shaik
author_facet	Shadab Md Nabil A. Alhakamy Mohamed A. Alfaleh Obaid Afzal Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi Ashif Iqubal Rasheed A. Shaik
author_sort	Shadab Md
title	Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches
title_short	Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches
title_full	Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches
title_fullStr	Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches
title_full_unstemmed	Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches
title_sort	mechanisms involved in microglial-interceded alzheimer’s disease and nanocarrier-based treatment approaches
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bae06ef507ca49a3a848e5c0c78958b4
work_keys_str_mv	AT shadabmd mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches AT nabilaalhakamy mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches AT mohamedaalfaleh mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches AT obaidafzal mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches AT abdulmaliksaaltamimi mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches AT ashifiqubal mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches AT rasheedashaik mechanismsinvolvedinmicroglialintercededalzheimersdiseaseandnanocarrierbasedtreatmentapproaches
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Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches

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