Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment

Light is one of the most important factors that influence plant growth and development. This study was conducted to examine how lighting direction affects plant morphophysiology by investigating plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, chloroplast arrang...

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Autores principales:	Jingli Yang, Byoung Ryong Jeong
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	chrysanthemum lighting direction branching flowering photomorphogenesis photosynthesis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/baeecd19eeb646c4a5abe7e47c67df78
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:baeecd19eeb646c4a5abe7e47c67df782021-11-11T17:25:43ZSide Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment10.3390/ijms2221120191422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/baeecd19eeb646c4a5abe7e47c67df782021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/12019https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Light is one of the most important factors that influence plant growth and development. This study was conducted to examine how lighting direction affects plant morphophysiology by investigating plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, chloroplast arrangement, and physiological changes. In closed-type plant factory units, the rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (<i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> Ramat.) cultivars, ‘Gaya Glory’ and ‘Pearl Egg’, were subjected to a 10 h photoperiod with a 300 μmol∙m<sup>−2</sup>∙s<sup>−1</sup> photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from three directions relative to the plant including the top, side, and bottom. Compared to the top or bottom lighting, the side lighting greatly enhanced the plant growth, improved the leaf internal structure and chloroplast arrangement, induced small stomata with a higher density, and promoted stomatal opening, which is associated with an increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency. It is worth noting that the side lighting significantly enhanced the induction of branching and flowering for both cultivars., The plants grown with side lighting consistently exhibited the greatest physiological performance. We conclude that the lighting direction had a profound effect on the morphophysiological characteristics of chrysanthemum, and that side lighting dramatically promoted their growth and development, especially in their branching and flowering.Jingli YangByoung Ryong JeongMDPI AGarticlechrysanthemumlighting directionbranchingfloweringphotomorphogenesisphotosynthesisBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12019, p 12019 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	chrysanthemum lighting direction branching flowering photomorphogenesis photosynthesis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	chrysanthemum lighting direction branching flowering photomorphogenesis photosynthesis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Jingli Yang Byoung Ryong Jeong Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment
description	Light is one of the most important factors that influence plant growth and development. This study was conducted to examine how lighting direction affects plant morphophysiology by investigating plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, chloroplast arrangement, and physiological changes. In closed-type plant factory units, the rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (<i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> Ramat.) cultivars, ‘Gaya Glory’ and ‘Pearl Egg’, were subjected to a 10 h photoperiod with a 300 μmol∙m<sup>−2</sup>∙s<sup>−1</sup> photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from three directions relative to the plant including the top, side, and bottom. Compared to the top or bottom lighting, the side lighting greatly enhanced the plant growth, improved the leaf internal structure and chloroplast arrangement, induced small stomata with a higher density, and promoted stomatal opening, which is associated with an increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency. It is worth noting that the side lighting significantly enhanced the induction of branching and flowering for both cultivars., The plants grown with side lighting consistently exhibited the greatest physiological performance. We conclude that the lighting direction had a profound effect on the morphophysiological characteristics of chrysanthemum, and that side lighting dramatically promoted their growth and development, especially in their branching and flowering.
format	article
author	Jingli Yang Byoung Ryong Jeong
author_facet	Jingli Yang Byoung Ryong Jeong
author_sort	Jingli Yang
title	Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment
title_short	Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment
title_full	Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment
title_fullStr	Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment
title_full_unstemmed	Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment
title_sort	side lighting enhances morphophysiology by inducing more branching and flowering in chrysanthemum grown in controlled environment
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/baeecd19eeb646c4a5abe7e47c67df78
work_keys_str_mv	AT jingliyang sidelightingenhancesmorphophysiologybyinducingmorebranchingandfloweringinchrysanthemumgrownincontrolledenvironment AT byoungryongjeong sidelightingenhancesmorphophysiologybyinducingmorebranchingandfloweringinchrysanthemumgrownincontrolledenvironment
_version_	1718432141577027584

Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment

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