Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth with an estimate of 10<sup>31</sup> viral particles across all ecosystems. Prokaryotic viruses—bacteriophages and archaeal viruses—influence global biogeochemical cycles by shaping microbial communities through predation, through...

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Autores principales:	Victoria Turzynski, Indra Monsees, Cristina Moraru, Alexander J. Probst
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fluorescence microscopy electron microscopy helium-ion microscopy atomic force microscopy metagenomics viromics Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bb3e48bacbdf4028aee90c21d61396c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bb3e48bacbdf4028aee90c21d61396c32021-11-25T19:12:29ZImaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples10.3390/v131121261999-4915https://doaj.org/article/bb3e48bacbdf4028aee90c21d61396c32021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2126https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth with an estimate of 10<sup>31</sup> viral particles across all ecosystems. Prokaryotic viruses—bacteriophages and archaeal viruses—influence global biogeochemical cycles by shaping microbial communities through predation, through the effect of horizontal gene transfer on the host genome evolution, and through manipulating the host cellular metabolism. Imaging techniques have played an important role in understanding the biology and lifestyle of prokaryotic viruses. Specifically, structure-resolving microscopy methods, for example, transmission electron microscopy, are commonly used for understanding viral morphology, ultrastructure, and host interaction. These methods have been applied mostly to cultivated phage–host pairs. However, recent advances in environmental genomics have demonstrated that the majority of viruses remain uncultivated, and thus microscopically uncharacterized. Although light- and structure-resolving microscopy of viruses from environmental samples is possible, quite often the link between the visualization and the genomic information of uncultivated prokaryotic viruses is missing. In this minireview, we summarize the current state of the art of imaging techniques available for characterizing viruses in environmental samples and discuss potential links between viral imaging and environmental genomics for shedding light on the morphology of uncultivated viruses and their lifestyles in Earth’s ecosystems.Victoria TurzynskiIndra MonseesCristina MoraruAlexander J. ProbstMDPI AGarticlefluorescence microscopyelectron microscopyhelium-ion microscopyatomic force microscopymetagenomicsviromicsMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2126, p 2126 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fluorescence microscopy electron microscopy helium-ion microscopy atomic force microscopy metagenomics viromics Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	fluorescence microscopy electron microscopy helium-ion microscopy atomic force microscopy metagenomics viromics Microbiology QR1-502 Victoria Turzynski Indra Monsees Cristina Moraru Alexander J. Probst Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples
description	Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth with an estimate of 10<sup>31</sup> viral particles across all ecosystems. Prokaryotic viruses—bacteriophages and archaeal viruses—influence global biogeochemical cycles by shaping microbial communities through predation, through the effect of horizontal gene transfer on the host genome evolution, and through manipulating the host cellular metabolism. Imaging techniques have played an important role in understanding the biology and lifestyle of prokaryotic viruses. Specifically, structure-resolving microscopy methods, for example, transmission electron microscopy, are commonly used for understanding viral morphology, ultrastructure, and host interaction. These methods have been applied mostly to cultivated phage–host pairs. However, recent advances in environmental genomics have demonstrated that the majority of viruses remain uncultivated, and thus microscopically uncharacterized. Although light- and structure-resolving microscopy of viruses from environmental samples is possible, quite often the link between the visualization and the genomic information of uncultivated prokaryotic viruses is missing. In this minireview, we summarize the current state of the art of imaging techniques available for characterizing viruses in environmental samples and discuss potential links between viral imaging and environmental genomics for shedding light on the morphology of uncultivated viruses and their lifestyles in Earth’s ecosystems.
format	article
author	Victoria Turzynski Indra Monsees Cristina Moraru Alexander J. Probst
author_facet	Victoria Turzynski Indra Monsees Cristina Moraru Alexander J. Probst
author_sort	Victoria Turzynski
title	Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples
title_short	Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples
title_full	Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples
title_fullStr	Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples
title_full_unstemmed	Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples
title_sort	imaging techniques for detecting prokaryotic viruses in environmental samples
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bb3e48bacbdf4028aee90c21d61396c3
work_keys_str_mv	AT victoriaturzynski imagingtechniquesfordetectingprokaryoticvirusesinenvironmentalsamples AT indramonsees imagingtechniquesfordetectingprokaryoticvirusesinenvironmentalsamples AT cristinamoraru imagingtechniquesfordetectingprokaryoticvirusesinenvironmentalsamples AT alexanderjprobst imagingtechniquesfordetectingprokaryoticvirusesinenvironmentalsamples
_version_	1718410178844426240

Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples

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