The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms

Increased CO2 sensitivity is common in panic disorder (PD) patients. Free divers who are known for their exceptional breathing control have lower CO2 sensitivity due to training effects. This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of cold facial immersion (CFI), breath holding and CO2 chal...

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Autores principales:	Peter Kyriakoulis, Michael Kyrios, Antonio Egidio Nardi, Rafael C. Freire, Mark Schier
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	panic disorder diving response cold facial immersion CO2 sensitivity anxiety Psychiatry RC435-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bb6078ab4780463597153d60874feb5a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bb6078ab4780463597153d60874feb5a2021-12-01T13:29:31ZThe Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms1664-064010.3389/fpsyt.2021.784884https://doaj.org/article/bb6078ab4780463597153d60874feb5a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.784884/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640Increased CO2 sensitivity is common in panic disorder (PD) patients. Free divers who are known for their exceptional breathing control have lower CO2 sensitivity due to training effects. This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of cold facial immersion (CFI), breath holding and CO2 challenges on panic symptoms. Healthy participants and patients with PD were subjected to four experimental conditions in a randomly assigned order. The four conditions were (a) breath-holding (BH), (b) CFI for 30 s, (c) CO2 challenge, and (d) CO2 challenge followed by CFI. Participants completed a battery of psychological measures, and physiological data (heart rate and respiration rate) were collected following each experimental condition. Participants with PD were unable to hold their breath for as long as normal controls; however, this finding was not significant, potentially due to a small sample size. Significant reductions in both physiological and cognitive symptoms of panic were noted in the clinical group following the CFI task. As hypothesized, the CFI task exerted demonstrable anxiolytic effects in the clinical group in this study by reducing heart rate significantly and lessening self-reported symptoms of anxiety and panic. This outcome demonstrates the promise of the CFI task for clinical applications.Peter KyriakoulisMichael KyriosAntonio Egidio NardiRafael C. FreireRafael C. FreireMark SchierFrontiers Media S.A.articlepanic disorderdiving responsecold facial immersionCO2 sensitivityanxietyPsychiatryRC435-571ENFrontiers in Psychiatry, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	panic disorder diving response cold facial immersion CO2 sensitivity anxiety Psychiatry RC435-571
spellingShingle	panic disorder diving response cold facial immersion CO2 sensitivity anxiety Psychiatry RC435-571 Peter Kyriakoulis Michael Kyrios Antonio Egidio Nardi Rafael C. Freire Rafael C. Freire Mark Schier The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms
description	Increased CO2 sensitivity is common in panic disorder (PD) patients. Free divers who are known for their exceptional breathing control have lower CO2 sensitivity due to training effects. This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of cold facial immersion (CFI), breath holding and CO2 challenges on panic symptoms. Healthy participants and patients with PD were subjected to four experimental conditions in a randomly assigned order. The four conditions were (a) breath-holding (BH), (b) CFI for 30 s, (c) CO2 challenge, and (d) CO2 challenge followed by CFI. Participants completed a battery of psychological measures, and physiological data (heart rate and respiration rate) were collected following each experimental condition. Participants with PD were unable to hold their breath for as long as normal controls; however, this finding was not significant, potentially due to a small sample size. Significant reductions in both physiological and cognitive symptoms of panic were noted in the clinical group following the CFI task. As hypothesized, the CFI task exerted demonstrable anxiolytic effects in the clinical group in this study by reducing heart rate significantly and lessening self-reported symptoms of anxiety and panic. This outcome demonstrates the promise of the CFI task for clinical applications.
format	article
author	Peter Kyriakoulis Michael Kyrios Antonio Egidio Nardi Rafael C. Freire Rafael C. Freire Mark Schier
author_facet	Peter Kyriakoulis Michael Kyrios Antonio Egidio Nardi Rafael C. Freire Rafael C. Freire Mark Schier
author_sort	Peter Kyriakoulis
title	The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms
title_short	The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms
title_full	The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms
title_fullStr	The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms
title_full_unstemmed	The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms
title_sort	implications of the diving response in reducing panic symptoms
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bb6078ab4780463597153d60874feb5a
work_keys_str_mv	AT peterkyriakoulis theimplicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT michaelkyrios theimplicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT antonioegidionardi theimplicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT rafaelcfreire theimplicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT rafaelcfreire theimplicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT markschier theimplicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT peterkyriakoulis implicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT michaelkyrios implicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT antonioegidionardi implicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT rafaelcfreire implicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT rafaelcfreire implicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms AT markschier implicationsofthedivingresponseinreducingpanicsymptoms
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The Implications of the Diving Response in Reducing Panic Symptoms

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