Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology

Abstract The unparalleled ability of turtle neck retraction is possible in three different modes, which characterize stem turtles, living side-necked (Pleurodira), and hidden-necked (Cryptodira) turtles, respectively. Despite the conservatism in vertebral count among turtles, there is significant fu...

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Autores principales:	Christine Böhmer, Ingmar Werneburg
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2017
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bb777a3b230a46119c56016cbcc7d80d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bb777a3b230a46119c56016cbcc7d80d2021-12-02T11:52:27ZDeep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology10.1038/s41598-017-09133-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/bb777a3b230a46119c56016cbcc7d80d2017-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09133-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The unparalleled ability of turtle neck retraction is possible in three different modes, which characterize stem turtles, living side-necked (Pleurodira), and hidden-necked (Cryptodira) turtles, respectively. Despite the conservatism in vertebral count among turtles, there is significant functional and morphological regionalization in the cervical vertebral column. Since Hox genes play a fundamental role in determining the differentiation in vertebra morphology and based on our reconstruction of evolutionary genetics in deep time, we hypothesize genetic differences among the turtle groups and between turtles and other land vertebrates. We correlated anterior Hox gene expression and the quantifiable shape of the vertebrae to investigate the morphological modularity in the neck across living and extinct turtles. This permitted the reconstruction of the hypothetical ancestral Hox code pattern of the whole turtle clade. The scenario of the evolution of axial patterning in turtles indicates shifts in the spatial expression of HoxA-5 in relation to the reduction of cervical ribs in modern turtles and of HoxB-5 linked with a lower morphological differentiation between the anterior cervical vertebrae observed in cryptodirans. By comparison with the mammalian pattern, we illustrate how the fixed count of eight cervical vertebrae in turtles resulted from the emergence of the unique turtle shell.Christine BöhmerIngmar WerneburgNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Christine Böhmer Ingmar Werneburg Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology
description	Abstract The unparalleled ability of turtle neck retraction is possible in three different modes, which characterize stem turtles, living side-necked (Pleurodira), and hidden-necked (Cryptodira) turtles, respectively. Despite the conservatism in vertebral count among turtles, there is significant functional and morphological regionalization in the cervical vertebral column. Since Hox genes play a fundamental role in determining the differentiation in vertebra morphology and based on our reconstruction of evolutionary genetics in deep time, we hypothesize genetic differences among the turtle groups and between turtles and other land vertebrates. We correlated anterior Hox gene expression and the quantifiable shape of the vertebrae to investigate the morphological modularity in the neck across living and extinct turtles. This permitted the reconstruction of the hypothetical ancestral Hox code pattern of the whole turtle clade. The scenario of the evolution of axial patterning in turtles indicates shifts in the spatial expression of HoxA-5 in relation to the reduction of cervical ribs in modern turtles and of HoxB-5 linked with a lower morphological differentiation between the anterior cervical vertebrae observed in cryptodirans. By comparison with the mammalian pattern, we illustrate how the fixed count of eight cervical vertebrae in turtles resulted from the emergence of the unique turtle shell.
format	article
author	Christine Böhmer Ingmar Werneburg
author_facet	Christine Böhmer Ingmar Werneburg
author_sort	Christine Böhmer
title	Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology
title_short	Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology
title_full	Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology
title_fullStr	Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology
title_full_unstemmed	Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology
title_sort	deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the hox code by vertebral morphology
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/bb777a3b230a46119c56016cbcc7d80d
work_keys_str_mv	AT christinebohmer deeptimeperspectiveonturtleneckevolutionchasingthehoxcodebyvertebralmorphology AT ingmarwerneburg deeptimeperspectiveonturtleneckevolutionchasingthehoxcodebyvertebralmorphology
_version_	1718395066127482880

Deep time perspective on turtle neck evolution: chasing the Hox code by vertebral morphology

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