Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) leads to increased mortality, morbidity, and costs of treatment in patients with immunosuppressive conditions. The definitive diagnosis of IFD relies on the isolation of the causative fungal agents through microscopy, culture, or nucleic acid testing in tissue samples o...

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Autores principales:	Ismaheel O. Lawal, Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala, Mankgopo M. Kgatle, Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans, Mike M. Sathekge, Alfred O. Ankrah
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	radionuclide imaging invasive fungal disease immunosuppression HIV [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET/CT Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bbac3dc4d30e4fc9a3e351b249db7e6a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bbac3dc4d30e4fc9a3e351b249db7e6a2021-11-25T17:21:13ZRadionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts10.3390/diagnostics111120572075-4418https://doaj.org/article/bbac3dc4d30e4fc9a3e351b249db7e6a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/11/2057https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4418Invasive fungal disease (IFD) leads to increased mortality, morbidity, and costs of treatment in patients with immunosuppressive conditions. The definitive diagnosis of IFD relies on the isolation of the causative fungal agents through microscopy, culture, or nucleic acid testing in tissue samples obtained from the sites of the disease. Biopsy is not always feasible or safe to be undertaken in immunocompromised hosts at risk of IFD. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques are, therefore, needed for the diagnosis and treatment response assessment of IFD. The available techniques that identify fungal-specific antigens in biological samples for diagnosing IFD have variable sensitivity and specificity. They also have limited utility in response assessment. Imaging has, therefore, been applied for the noninvasive detection of IFD. Morphologic imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most applied technique. These techniques are neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific for the early diagnosis of IFD. Morphologic changes evaluated by CT and MRI occur later in the disease course and during recovery after successful treatment. These modalities may, therefore, not be ideal for early diagnosis and early response to therapy determination. Radionuclide imaging allows for targeting the host response to pathogenic fungi or specific structures of the pathogen itself. This makes radionuclide imaging techniques suitable for the early diagnosis and treatment response assessment of IFD. In this review, we aimed to discuss the interplay of host immunity, immunosuppression, and the occurrence of IFD. We also discuss the currently available radionuclide probes that have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies for their ability to detect IFD.Ismaheel O. LawalKgomotso M. G. MokoalaMankgopo M. KgatleRudi A. J. O. DierckxAndor W. J. M. GlaudemansMike M. SathekgeAlfred O. AnkrahMDPI AGarticleradionuclide imaginginvasive fungal diseaseimmunosuppressionHIV[<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET/CTMedicine (General)R5-920ENDiagnostics, Vol 11, Iss 2057, p 2057 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	radionuclide imaging invasive fungal disease immunosuppression HIV [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET/CT Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	radionuclide imaging invasive fungal disease immunosuppression HIV [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET/CT Medicine (General) R5-920 Ismaheel O. Lawal Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala Mankgopo M. Kgatle Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans Mike M. Sathekge Alfred O. Ankrah Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts
description	Invasive fungal disease (IFD) leads to increased mortality, morbidity, and costs of treatment in patients with immunosuppressive conditions. The definitive diagnosis of IFD relies on the isolation of the causative fungal agents through microscopy, culture, or nucleic acid testing in tissue samples obtained from the sites of the disease. Biopsy is not always feasible or safe to be undertaken in immunocompromised hosts at risk of IFD. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques are, therefore, needed for the diagnosis and treatment response assessment of IFD. The available techniques that identify fungal-specific antigens in biological samples for diagnosing IFD have variable sensitivity and specificity. They also have limited utility in response assessment. Imaging has, therefore, been applied for the noninvasive detection of IFD. Morphologic imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most applied technique. These techniques are neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific for the early diagnosis of IFD. Morphologic changes evaluated by CT and MRI occur later in the disease course and during recovery after successful treatment. These modalities may, therefore, not be ideal for early diagnosis and early response to therapy determination. Radionuclide imaging allows for targeting the host response to pathogenic fungi or specific structures of the pathogen itself. This makes radionuclide imaging techniques suitable for the early diagnosis and treatment response assessment of IFD. In this review, we aimed to discuss the interplay of host immunity, immunosuppression, and the occurrence of IFD. We also discuss the currently available radionuclide probes that have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies for their ability to detect IFD.
format	article
author	Ismaheel O. Lawal Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala Mankgopo M. Kgatle Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans Mike M. Sathekge Alfred O. Ankrah
author_facet	Ismaheel O. Lawal Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala Mankgopo M. Kgatle Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans Mike M. Sathekge Alfred O. Ankrah
author_sort	Ismaheel O. Lawal
title	Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts
title_short	Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts
title_full	Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts
title_fullStr	Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts
title_full_unstemmed	Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts
title_sort	radionuclide imaging of invasive fungal disease in immunocompromised hosts
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bbac3dc4d30e4fc9a3e351b249db7e6a
work_keys_str_mv	AT ismaheelolawal radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts AT kgomotsomgmokoala radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts AT mankgopomkgatle radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts AT rudiajodierckx radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts AT andorwjmglaudemans radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts AT mikemsathekge radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts AT alfredoankrah radionuclideimagingofinvasivefungaldiseaseinimmunocompromisedhosts
_version_	1718412493084164096

Radionuclide Imaging of Invasive Fungal Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts

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