Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection

Sickness behavior is the common denominator for a plethora of changes in normal behavioral routines and systemic metabolism during an infection. Typical symptoms include temperature, muscle weakness, and loss of appetite. Whereas we experience these changes as a pathology, in fact they are a careful...

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Autores principales:	Mia Krapić, Inga Kavazović, Felix M. Wensveen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	infection sickness behavior metabolism appetite cytokines T cells Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bbaf057ac73d47378c3bb6fcc1da1fea
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bbaf057ac73d47378c3bb6fcc1da1fea2021-11-25T19:13:43ZImmunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection10.3390/v131122451999-4915https://doaj.org/article/bbaf057ac73d47378c3bb6fcc1da1fea2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2245https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Sickness behavior is the common denominator for a plethora of changes in normal behavioral routines and systemic metabolism during an infection. Typical symptoms include temperature, muscle weakness, and loss of appetite. Whereas we experience these changes as a pathology, in fact they are a carefully orchestrated response mediated by the immune system. Its purpose is to optimize immune cell functionality against pathogens whilst minimizing viral replication in infected cells. Sickness behavior is controlled at several levels, most notably by the central nervous system, but also by other organs that mediate systemic homeostasis, such as the liver and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, the changes mediated by these organs are ultimately initiated by immune cells, usually through local or systemic secretion of cytokines. The nature of infection determines which cytokine profile is induced by immune cells and therefore which sickness behavior ensues. In context of infection, sickness behavior is typically beneficial. However, inappropriate activation of the immune system may induce adverse aspects of sickness behavior. For example, tissue stress caused by obesity may result in chronic activation of the immune system, leading to lasting changes in systemic metabolism. Concurrently, metabolic disease prevents induction of appropriate sickness behavior following viral infection, thus impairing the normal immune response. In this article, we will revisit recent literature that elucidates both the benefits and the negative aspects of sickness behavior in context of viral infection.Mia KrapićInga KavazovićFelix M. WensveenMDPI AGarticleinfectionsickness behaviormetabolismappetitecytokinesT cellsMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2245, p 2245 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	infection sickness behavior metabolism appetite cytokines T cells Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	infection sickness behavior metabolism appetite cytokines T cells Microbiology QR1-502 Mia Krapić Inga Kavazović Felix M. Wensveen Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection
description	Sickness behavior is the common denominator for a plethora of changes in normal behavioral routines and systemic metabolism during an infection. Typical symptoms include temperature, muscle weakness, and loss of appetite. Whereas we experience these changes as a pathology, in fact they are a carefully orchestrated response mediated by the immune system. Its purpose is to optimize immune cell functionality against pathogens whilst minimizing viral replication in infected cells. Sickness behavior is controlled at several levels, most notably by the central nervous system, but also by other organs that mediate systemic homeostasis, such as the liver and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, the changes mediated by these organs are ultimately initiated by immune cells, usually through local or systemic secretion of cytokines. The nature of infection determines which cytokine profile is induced by immune cells and therefore which sickness behavior ensues. In context of infection, sickness behavior is typically beneficial. However, inappropriate activation of the immune system may induce adverse aspects of sickness behavior. For example, tissue stress caused by obesity may result in chronic activation of the immune system, leading to lasting changes in systemic metabolism. Concurrently, metabolic disease prevents induction of appropriate sickness behavior following viral infection, thus impairing the normal immune response. In this article, we will revisit recent literature that elucidates both the benefits and the negative aspects of sickness behavior in context of viral infection.
format	article
author	Mia Krapić Inga Kavazović Felix M. Wensveen
author_facet	Mia Krapić Inga Kavazović Felix M. Wensveen
author_sort	Mia Krapić
title	Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection
title_short	Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection
title_full	Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection
title_fullStr	Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection
title_full_unstemmed	Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection
title_sort	immunological mechanisms of sickness behavior in viral infection
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bbaf057ac73d47378c3bb6fcc1da1fea
work_keys_str_mv	AT miakrapic immunologicalmechanismsofsicknessbehaviorinviralinfection AT ingakavazovic immunologicalmechanismsofsicknessbehaviorinviralinfection AT felixmwensveen immunologicalmechanismsofsicknessbehaviorinviralinfection
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Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection

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