Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake

Water temperature serves as a key environmental factor of lakes and the most basic parameter for analyzing the thermal conditions of a water body. Based on the observation and analysis of the water temperature of Qinghuahu Lake in the Heilongjiang Province of China, this paper analyzed the variation...

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Autores principales:	Falong Ding, Zeyu Mao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	shallow lake ice cover water temperature thermal stratification heat flux effective thermal diffusivity Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bbb2b7fff5e6438aa09c505471e7d68a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bbb2b7fff5e6438aa09c505471e7d68a2021-11-11T19:58:27ZObservation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake10.3390/w132131392073-4441https://doaj.org/article/bbb2b7fff5e6438aa09c505471e7d68a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/3139https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Water temperature serves as a key environmental factor of lakes and the most basic parameter for analyzing the thermal conditions of a water body. Based on the observation and analysis of the water temperature of Qinghuahu Lake in the Heilongjiang Province of China, this paper analyzed the variation trend of the heat flux, effective thermal diffusivity of the icebound water, and revealed the temporal and spatial variation law of the water temperature and the transfer law beneath the ice on a shallow lake in a cold region. The results suggested a noticeable difference existing in the distribution of water temperature beneath the ice during different periods of ice coverage. During the third period, the water temperature vertically comprised three discrete layers, each of which remained unchanged in thickness despite the alternation of day and night. Sediment–water heat flux and water–ice heat flux both remained positive values throughout the freezing duration, averaging about 3.8–4.1 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 9.8–10.3 W/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The calculated thermal diffusivity in late winter was larger than molecular, and the time-averaged values increased first and then decreased with water depth, reaching a maximum at a relative depth of 0.5. This research is expected to provide a reference for studies on the water environment of icebound shallow lakes or ponds in cold regions.Falong DingZeyu MaoMDPI AGarticleshallow lakeice coverwater temperaturethermal stratificationheat fluxeffective thermal diffusivityHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3139, p 3139 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	shallow lake ice cover water temperature thermal stratification heat flux effective thermal diffusivity Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	shallow lake ice cover water temperature thermal stratification heat flux effective thermal diffusivity Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Falong Ding Zeyu Mao Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake
description	Water temperature serves as a key environmental factor of lakes and the most basic parameter for analyzing the thermal conditions of a water body. Based on the observation and analysis of the water temperature of Qinghuahu Lake in the Heilongjiang Province of China, this paper analyzed the variation trend of the heat flux, effective thermal diffusivity of the icebound water, and revealed the temporal and spatial variation law of the water temperature and the transfer law beneath the ice on a shallow lake in a cold region. The results suggested a noticeable difference existing in the distribution of water temperature beneath the ice during different periods of ice coverage. During the third period, the water temperature vertically comprised three discrete layers, each of which remained unchanged in thickness despite the alternation of day and night. Sediment–water heat flux and water–ice heat flux both remained positive values throughout the freezing duration, averaging about 3.8–4.1 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 9.8–10.3 W/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The calculated thermal diffusivity in late winter was larger than molecular, and the time-averaged values increased first and then decreased with water depth, reaching a maximum at a relative depth of 0.5. This research is expected to provide a reference for studies on the water environment of icebound shallow lakes or ponds in cold regions.
format	article
author	Falong Ding Zeyu Mao
author_facet	Falong Ding Zeyu Mao
author_sort	Falong Ding
title	Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake
title_short	Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake
title_full	Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake
title_fullStr	Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake
title_full_unstemmed	Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake
title_sort	observation and analysis of water temperature in ice-covered shallow lake: case study in qinghuahu lake
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bbb2b7fff5e6438aa09c505471e7d68a
work_keys_str_mv	AT falongding observationandanalysisofwatertemperatureinicecoveredshallowlakecasestudyinqinghuahulake AT zeyumao observationandanalysisofwatertemperatureinicecoveredshallowlakecasestudyinqinghuahulake
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Observation and Analysis of Water Temperature in Ice-Covered Shallow Lake: Case Study in Qinghuahu Lake

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