Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure

Background: Kajjali is used as a base for Ayurvedic herbo-mineral medicines. It is a combination of mercury with sulfur in varying proportions. The ratio of sulfur (S) added to mercury (Hg) directly relates to the therapeutic efficacy of the compound. Objective: To analyze the physico-chemical chara...

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Autores principales:	Namrata Joshi, Manoj Kumar Dash, Chandan Upadhyay, Vikas Jindal, Pradip Kumar Panda, Manjari Shukla
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Ayurveda Black sulfide Kajjali Nanoparticle Safety Sulfur ratio Miscellaneous systems and treatments RZ409.7-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bc1460c5e9054963828d1745ae808272
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bc1460c5e9054963828d1745ae8082722021-12-02T04:59:17ZPhysico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure0975-947610.1016/j.jaim.2021.05.006https://doaj.org/article/bc1460c5e9054963828d1745ae8082722021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975947621000784https://doaj.org/toc/0975-9476Background: Kajjali is used as a base for Ayurvedic herbo-mineral medicines. It is a combination of mercury with sulfur in varying proportions. The ratio of sulfur (S) added to mercury (Hg) directly relates to the therapeutic efficacy of the compound. Objective: To analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of samaguna gandhaka kajjali (Hg: S = 1:1) and shadaguna gandhaka kajjali (Hg: S = 1:6). Materials and methods: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetry analysis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were applied to characterize each type of kajjali. Results: It was found that the particle size of the formed kajjali compound increases with a decrease in the mercury to sulfur ratio. The presence of excess sulfur does not change the surface oxidation states as revealed by the XPS analysis. No trace of mercury has been found in both samaguna gandhaka kajjali (SGK-1) and shadguna gandhaka kajjali (SGK-6), indicating a complete Hg reaction with S. Conclusion: Kajjali simulates nanomaterial of the modern era and possesses therapeutic efficacy as mentioned in classical Ayurveda texts. Complete trituration of mercury and sulfur combination ends up with this kajjali formation incorporating the potency of nanotherapeutics.Namrata JoshiManoj Kumar DashChandan UpadhyayVikas JindalPradip Kumar PandaManjari ShuklaElsevierarticleAyurvedaBlack sulfideKajjaliNanoparticleSafetySulfur ratioMiscellaneous systems and treatmentsRZ409.7-999ENJournal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 4, Pp 590-600 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Ayurveda Black sulfide Kajjali Nanoparticle Safety Sulfur ratio Miscellaneous systems and treatments RZ409.7-999
spellingShingle	Ayurveda Black sulfide Kajjali Nanoparticle Safety Sulfur ratio Miscellaneous systems and treatments RZ409.7-999 Namrata Joshi Manoj Kumar Dash Chandan Upadhyay Vikas Jindal Pradip Kumar Panda Manjari Shukla Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
description	Background: Kajjali is used as a base for Ayurvedic herbo-mineral medicines. It is a combination of mercury with sulfur in varying proportions. The ratio of sulfur (S) added to mercury (Hg) directly relates to the therapeutic efficacy of the compound. Objective: To analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of samaguna gandhaka kajjali (Hg: S = 1:1) and shadaguna gandhaka kajjali (Hg: S = 1:6). Materials and methods: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetry analysis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were applied to characterize each type of kajjali. Results: It was found that the particle size of the formed kajjali compound increases with a decrease in the mercury to sulfur ratio. The presence of excess sulfur does not change the surface oxidation states as revealed by the XPS analysis. No trace of mercury has been found in both samaguna gandhaka kajjali (SGK-1) and shadguna gandhaka kajjali (SGK-6), indicating a complete Hg reaction with S. Conclusion: Kajjali simulates nanomaterial of the modern era and possesses therapeutic efficacy as mentioned in classical Ayurveda texts. Complete trituration of mercury and sulfur combination ends up with this kajjali formation incorporating the potency of nanotherapeutics.
format	article
author	Namrata Joshi Manoj Kumar Dash Chandan Upadhyay Vikas Jindal Pradip Kumar Panda Manjari Shukla
author_facet	Namrata Joshi Manoj Kumar Dash Chandan Upadhyay Vikas Jindal Pradip Kumar Panda Manjari Shukla
author_sort	Namrata Joshi
title	Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
title_short	Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
title_full	Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
title_fullStr	Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
title_full_unstemmed	Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
title_sort	physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bc1460c5e9054963828d1745ae808272
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Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure

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