African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.

The Samburu pastoralists of Northern Kenya co-exist with African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and compete over resources such as watering holes. Audio playback experiments demonstrate that African elephants produce alarm calls in response to the voices of Samburu tribesmen. When exposed to adult m...

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Autores principales:	Joseph Soltis, Lucy E King, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, Fritz Vollrath, Anne Savage
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bc40a129aa1c444396f9c638bb4d20d9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bc40a129aa1c444396f9c638bb4d20d92021-11-18T08:30:56ZAfrican elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0089403https://doaj.org/article/bc40a129aa1c444396f9c638bb4d20d92014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24586753/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The Samburu pastoralists of Northern Kenya co-exist with African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and compete over resources such as watering holes. Audio playback experiments demonstrate that African elephants produce alarm calls in response to the voices of Samburu tribesmen. When exposed to adult male Samburu voices, listening elephants exhibited vigilance behavior, flight behavior, and produced vocalizations (rumbles, roars and trumpets). Rumble vocalizations were most common and were characterized by increased and more variable fundamental frequencies, and an upward shift in the first [F1] and second [F2] formant locations, compared to control rumbles. When exposed to a sequence of these recorded rumbles, roars and trumpets, listening elephants also exhibited vigilance and flight behavior. The same behavior was observed, in lesser degrees, both when the roars and trumpets were removed, and when the second formants were artificially lowered to levels typical of control rumbles. The "Samburu alarm rumble" is acoustically distinct from the previously described "bee alarm rumble." The bee alarm rumbles exhibited increased F2, while Samburu alarm rumbles exhibited increased F1 and F2, compared to controls. Moreover, the behavioral reactions to the two threats were different. Elephants exhibited vigilance and flight behavior in response to Samburu and bee stimuli and to both alarm calls, but headshaking behavior only occurred in response to bee sounds and bee alarm calls. In general, increasingly threatening stimuli elicited alarm calls with increases in F0 and in formant locations, and increasing numbers of these acoustic cues in vocal stimuli elicited increased vigilance and flight behavior in listening elephants. These results show that African elephant alarm calls differentiate between two types of threat and reflect the level of urgency of threats.Joseph SoltisLucy E KingIain Douglas-HamiltonFritz VollrathAnne SavagePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 2, p e89403 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Joseph Soltis Lucy E King Iain Douglas-Hamilton Fritz Vollrath Anne Savage African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
description	The Samburu pastoralists of Northern Kenya co-exist with African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and compete over resources such as watering holes. Audio playback experiments demonstrate that African elephants produce alarm calls in response to the voices of Samburu tribesmen. When exposed to adult male Samburu voices, listening elephants exhibited vigilance behavior, flight behavior, and produced vocalizations (rumbles, roars and trumpets). Rumble vocalizations were most common and were characterized by increased and more variable fundamental frequencies, and an upward shift in the first [F1] and second [F2] formant locations, compared to control rumbles. When exposed to a sequence of these recorded rumbles, roars and trumpets, listening elephants also exhibited vigilance and flight behavior. The same behavior was observed, in lesser degrees, both when the roars and trumpets were removed, and when the second formants were artificially lowered to levels typical of control rumbles. The "Samburu alarm rumble" is acoustically distinct from the previously described "bee alarm rumble." The bee alarm rumbles exhibited increased F2, while Samburu alarm rumbles exhibited increased F1 and F2, compared to controls. Moreover, the behavioral reactions to the two threats were different. Elephants exhibited vigilance and flight behavior in response to Samburu and bee stimuli and to both alarm calls, but headshaking behavior only occurred in response to bee sounds and bee alarm calls. In general, increasingly threatening stimuli elicited alarm calls with increases in F0 and in formant locations, and increasing numbers of these acoustic cues in vocal stimuli elicited increased vigilance and flight behavior in listening elephants. These results show that African elephant alarm calls differentiate between two types of threat and reflect the level of urgency of threats.
format	article
author	Joseph Soltis Lucy E King Iain Douglas-Hamilton Fritz Vollrath Anne Savage
author_facet	Joseph Soltis Lucy E King Iain Douglas-Hamilton Fritz Vollrath Anne Savage
author_sort	Joseph Soltis
title	African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
title_short	African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
title_full	African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
title_fullStr	African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
title_full_unstemmed	African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
title_sort	african elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/bc40a129aa1c444396f9c638bb4d20d9
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African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees.

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