The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia

The illegal trade of wildlife in SE Asia has been identified as the likely cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 198 papers on the current COVID pandemic in Cambodia, diseases such as avian influenza and Nipah virus, most likely to develop into a new pandemic in Cambodia, and common features o...

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Autores principales:	Thomas Murphy, Kongkea Phan, Kim Neil Irvine, David Lean
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	pandemics Cambodia COVID-19 zinc arsenic mercury Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bc493d93fb2b4db88b415b2030b8be13
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bc493d93fb2b4db88b415b2030b8be132021-11-11T16:34:11ZThe Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia10.3390/ijerph1821114461660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/bc493d93fb2b4db88b415b2030b8be132021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11446https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The illegal trade of wildlife in SE Asia has been identified as the likely cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 198 papers on the current COVID pandemic in Cambodia, diseases such as avian influenza and Nipah virus, most likely to develop into a new pandemic in Cambodia, and common features of disease that require mitigation. Artisanal goldmining uses pure mercury in the areas where wildlife is smuggled to China. Moreover, 30–40% of Cambodians are zinc deficient. High levels of arsenic in irrigation water (>1000 µg/L) are associated with very low levels of zinc in rice (5 µg/g) and rice is the primary staple food for the region. Brown rice from nine of 15 paddy fields in the arsenic zone of Cambodia had double the new guidelines of 100 µg/kg inorganic arsenic for children’s food in the EU and USA. The combination of deficiencies of essential micronutrients like zinc and pervasive presence of arsenic and mercury has the potential to compromise the immunity of many Cambodians. Innovative solutions are suggested to improve micronutrient nutrition. Toxins that suppress the immune system must be better managed to reduce the virulence of pathogens. Cambodia was not likely the source of the COVID-19 but does have problems that could result in a new pandemic.Thomas MurphyKongkea PhanKim Neil IrvineDavid LeanMDPI AGarticlepandemicsCambodiaCOVID-19zincarsenicmercuryMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11446, p 11446 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	pandemics Cambodia COVID-19 zinc arsenic mercury Medicine R
spellingShingle	pandemics Cambodia COVID-19 zinc arsenic mercury Medicine R Thomas Murphy Kongkea Phan Kim Neil Irvine David Lean The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia
description	The illegal trade of wildlife in SE Asia has been identified as the likely cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 198 papers on the current COVID pandemic in Cambodia, diseases such as avian influenza and Nipah virus, most likely to develop into a new pandemic in Cambodia, and common features of disease that require mitigation. Artisanal goldmining uses pure mercury in the areas where wildlife is smuggled to China. Moreover, 30–40% of Cambodians are zinc deficient. High levels of arsenic in irrigation water (>1000 µg/L) are associated with very low levels of zinc in rice (5 µg/g) and rice is the primary staple food for the region. Brown rice from nine of 15 paddy fields in the arsenic zone of Cambodia had double the new guidelines of 100 µg/kg inorganic arsenic for children’s food in the EU and USA. The combination of deficiencies of essential micronutrients like zinc and pervasive presence of arsenic and mercury has the potential to compromise the immunity of many Cambodians. Innovative solutions are suggested to improve micronutrient nutrition. Toxins that suppress the immune system must be better managed to reduce the virulence of pathogens. Cambodia was not likely the source of the COVID-19 but does have problems that could result in a new pandemic.
format	article
author	Thomas Murphy Kongkea Phan Kim Neil Irvine David Lean
author_facet	Thomas Murphy Kongkea Phan Kim Neil Irvine David Lean
author_sort	Thomas Murphy
title	The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia
title_short	The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia
title_full	The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia
title_fullStr	The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia
title_full_unstemmed	The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia
title_sort	role of micronutrients and toxic metals in the management of epidemics in cambodia
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bc493d93fb2b4db88b415b2030b8be13
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The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia

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