Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.

The development of organs with particular shapes, like wings or flowers, depends on regional activity of transcription factors and signalling molecules. However, the mechanisms that link these molecular activities to the morphogenetic events underlying shape are poorly understood. Here we describe a...

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Autores principales:	Min-Long Cui, Lucy Copsey, Amelia A Green, J Andrew Bangham, Enrico Coen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bc4ea25f423f46d895c7046470c4e173
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:bc4ea25f423f46d895c7046470c4e173
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bc4ea25f423f46d895c7046470c4e1732021-11-18T05:36:57ZQuantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.1544-91731545-788510.1371/journal.pbio.1000538https://doaj.org/article/bc4ea25f423f46d895c7046470c4e1732010-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21085695/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1544-9173https://doaj.org/toc/1545-7885The development of organs with particular shapes, like wings or flowers, depends on regional activity of transcription factors and signalling molecules. However, the mechanisms that link these molecular activities to the morphogenetic events underlying shape are poorly understood. Here we describe a combination of experimental and computational approaches that address this problem, applying them to a group of genes controlling flower shape in the Snapdragon (Antirrhinum). Four transcription factors are known to play a key role in the control of floral shape and asymmetry in Snapdragon. We use quantitative shape analysis of mutants for these factors to define principal components underlying flower shape variation. We show that each transcription factor has a specific effect on the shape and size of regions within the flower, shifting the position of the flower in shape space. These shifts are further analysed by generating double mutants and lines that express some of the genes ectopically. By integrating these observations with known gene expression patterns and interactions, we arrive at a combinatorial scheme for how regional effects on shape are genetically controlled. We evaluate our scheme by incorporating the proposed interactions into a generative model, where the developing flower is treated as a material sheet that grows according to how genes modify local polarities and growth rates. The petal shapes generated by the model show a good quantitative match with those observed experimentally for each petal in numerous genotypes, thus validating the hypothesised scheme. This article therefore shows how complex shapes can be accounted for by combinatorial effects of transcription factors on regional growth properties. This finding has implications not only for how shapes develop but also for how they may have evolved through tinkering with transcription factors and their targets.Min-Long CuiLucy CopseyAmelia A GreenJ Andrew BanghamEnrico CoenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Biology, Vol 8, Iss 11, p e1000538 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Min-Long Cui Lucy Copsey Amelia A Green J Andrew Bangham Enrico Coen Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
description	The development of organs with particular shapes, like wings or flowers, depends on regional activity of transcription factors and signalling molecules. However, the mechanisms that link these molecular activities to the morphogenetic events underlying shape are poorly understood. Here we describe a combination of experimental and computational approaches that address this problem, applying them to a group of genes controlling flower shape in the Snapdragon (Antirrhinum). Four transcription factors are known to play a key role in the control of floral shape and asymmetry in Snapdragon. We use quantitative shape analysis of mutants for these factors to define principal components underlying flower shape variation. We show that each transcription factor has a specific effect on the shape and size of regions within the flower, shifting the position of the flower in shape space. These shifts are further analysed by generating double mutants and lines that express some of the genes ectopically. By integrating these observations with known gene expression patterns and interactions, we arrive at a combinatorial scheme for how regional effects on shape are genetically controlled. We evaluate our scheme by incorporating the proposed interactions into a generative model, where the developing flower is treated as a material sheet that grows according to how genes modify local polarities and growth rates. The petal shapes generated by the model show a good quantitative match with those observed experimentally for each petal in numerous genotypes, thus validating the hypothesised scheme. This article therefore shows how complex shapes can be accounted for by combinatorial effects of transcription factors on regional growth properties. This finding has implications not only for how shapes develop but also for how they may have evolved through tinkering with transcription factors and their targets.
format	article
author	Min-Long Cui Lucy Copsey Amelia A Green J Andrew Bangham Enrico Coen
author_facet	Min-Long Cui Lucy Copsey Amelia A Green J Andrew Bangham Enrico Coen
author_sort	Min-Long Cui
title	Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
title_short	Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
title_full	Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
title_fullStr	Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
title_full_unstemmed	Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
title_sort	quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/bc4ea25f423f46d895c7046470c4e173
work_keys_str_mv	AT minlongcui quantitativecontroloforganshapebycombinatorialgeneactivity AT lucycopsey quantitativecontroloforganshapebycombinatorialgeneactivity AT ameliaagreen quantitativecontroloforganshapebycombinatorialgeneactivity AT jandrewbangham quantitativecontroloforganshapebycombinatorialgeneactivity AT enricocoen quantitativecontroloforganshapebycombinatorialgeneactivity
_version_	1718424876187910144

Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity.

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