Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households

This paper examines how aging and underemployment affect household income and household income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Our study uses household panel data from South Korea for the period 2009–2016, which include, on average, 6721 representative households each ye...

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Autores principales:	Joohun Han, Chanjin Chung
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	income disparity agricultural and non-agricultural households underemployment aging Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bce4a28c799e4b65a5b100bd73dfa03c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bce4a28c799e4b65a5b100bd73dfa03c2021-11-11T19:27:31ZImpact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households10.3390/su1321117372071-1050https://doaj.org/article/bce4a28c799e4b65a5b100bd73dfa03c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11737https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050This paper examines how aging and underemployment affect household income and household income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Our study uses household panel data from South Korea for the period 2009–2016, which include, on average, 6721 representative households each year. A three-step regression analysis was conducted to estimate the aging and underemployment effects on household income and the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural households. First, we estimate aging and underemployment effects on household income from all households using a year fixed-effect longitudinal model. Second, our study investigates whether the marginal effect of aging and underemployment on household income differs between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Finally, we simulate the estimated model to illustrate how government policies could help reduce the income disparity. Our results show that aging and underemployment affect household income negatively overall. The negative marginal effect of the two factors was greater in the agricultural sector than in the non-agricultural sector. Results from policy simulations suggest that the implementation of proper government policies to address aging and underemployment problems in agricultural households could significantly reduce the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.Joohun HanChanjin ChungMDPI AGarticleincome disparityagricultural and non-agricultural householdsunderemploymentagingEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 11737, p 11737 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	income disparity agricultural and non-agricultural households underemployment aging Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	income disparity agricultural and non-agricultural households underemployment aging Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Joohun Han Chanjin Chung Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
description	This paper examines how aging and underemployment affect household income and household income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Our study uses household panel data from South Korea for the period 2009–2016, which include, on average, 6721 representative households each year. A three-step regression analysis was conducted to estimate the aging and underemployment effects on household income and the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural households. First, we estimate aging and underemployment effects on household income from all households using a year fixed-effect longitudinal model. Second, our study investigates whether the marginal effect of aging and underemployment on household income differs between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Finally, we simulate the estimated model to illustrate how government policies could help reduce the income disparity. Our results show that aging and underemployment affect household income negatively overall. The negative marginal effect of the two factors was greater in the agricultural sector than in the non-agricultural sector. Results from policy simulations suggest that the implementation of proper government policies to address aging and underemployment problems in agricultural households could significantly reduce the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
format	article
author	Joohun Han Chanjin Chung
author_facet	Joohun Han Chanjin Chung
author_sort	Joohun Han
title	Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
title_short	Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
title_full	Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
title_fullStr	Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
title_full_unstemmed	Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
title_sort	impact of aging and underemployment on income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural households
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bce4a28c799e4b65a5b100bd73dfa03c
work_keys_str_mv	AT joohunhan impactofagingandunderemploymentonincomedisparitybetweenagriculturalandnonagriculturalhouseholds AT chanjinchung impactofagingandunderemploymentonincomedisparitybetweenagriculturalandnonagriculturalhouseholds
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Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households

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