Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea

The diel variability of the abundance and cell size of picoplanktonic groups in the central Red Sea was monitored every 2 h in situ on 4 occasions (once per season) from 2015 to 2016. We distinguished Prochlorococcus, low (LF-Syn) and high (HF-Syn) fluorescence Synechococcus, small (Speuk) and large...

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Autores principales:	Najwa Al-Otaibi, Francisca C. García, Xosé Anxelu G. Morán
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Red Sea picoplankton Prochlorococcus Synechococcus picoeukaryotes heterotrophic bacteria Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bd20e084fc2248d69fdc3ff4ab38545c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bd20e084fc2248d69fdc3ff4ab38545c2021-11-08T07:56:23ZPicoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.752910https://doaj.org/article/bd20e084fc2248d69fdc3ff4ab38545c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.752910/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745The diel variability of the abundance and cell size of picoplanktonic groups in the central Red Sea was monitored every 2 h in situ on 4 occasions (once per season) from 2015 to 2016. We distinguished Prochlorococcus, low (LF-Syn) and high (HF-Syn) fluorescence Synechococcus, small (Speuk) and large (Lpeuk) picoeukaryotes and two groups of heterotrophic prokaryotes of low (LNA) and high (HNA) nucleic acid content. The diel variability in abundance was less marked than in cell size and more apparent in autotrophs than heterotrophs. Specific growth rates were estimated by an empirical relationship from measurements obtained in bottle incubations of surface and deep samples collected in the winter compared with in situ variations in cell size over 24 h. Autotrophic picoplankton groups generally grew faster (0.23–0.77 d–1) than heterotrophic prokaryotes (0.12–0.50 d–1). Surface to 100 m depth-weighted specific growth rates displayed a clear seasonal pattern for Prochlorococcus, with maxima in winter (0.77 ± 0.07 d–1) and minima in fall (0.52 ± 0.07 d–1). The two groups of Synechococcus peaked in spring, with slightly higher growth rates of LF-Syn (0.57 ± 0.04 d–1) than HF-Syn (0.43 ± 0.04 d–1). Speuk and Lpeuk showed different seasonal patterns, with lower values of the former (0.27 ± 0.02 and 0.37 ± 0.04 d–1, respectively). HNA consistently outgrew LNA heterotrophic prokaryotes, with a higher growth in the epipelagic (0–200 m, 0.36 ± 0.03 d–1) than in the mesopelagic (200–700 m, 0.26 ± 0.03 d–1), while no differences were found for LNA cells (0.19 ± 0.03 d–1 and 0.17 ± 0.02 d–1, respectively). With all data pooled, the mean diel abundances of autotrophic picoplankton in the upper epipelagic and of HNA cells in the epipelagic and mesopelagic layers were significantly correlated with the specific growth rates estimated from cell size variations. Our high-resolution sampling dataset suggests that changes in growth rates underlie the noticeable seasonality of picoplankton recently described in these tropical waters.Najwa Al-OtaibiNajwa Al-OtaibiFrancisca C. GarcíaXosé Anxelu G. MoránXosé Anxelu G. MoránFrontiers Media S.A.articleRed SeapicoplanktonProchlorococcusSynechococcuspicoeukaryotesheterotrophic bacteriaScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Red Sea picoplankton Prochlorococcus Synechococcus picoeukaryotes heterotrophic bacteria Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	Red Sea picoplankton Prochlorococcus Synechococcus picoeukaryotes heterotrophic bacteria Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Najwa Al-Otaibi Najwa Al-Otaibi Francisca C. García Xosé Anxelu G. Morán Xosé Anxelu G. Morán Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea
description	The diel variability of the abundance and cell size of picoplanktonic groups in the central Red Sea was monitored every 2 h in situ on 4 occasions (once per season) from 2015 to 2016. We distinguished Prochlorococcus, low (LF-Syn) and high (HF-Syn) fluorescence Synechococcus, small (Speuk) and large (Lpeuk) picoeukaryotes and two groups of heterotrophic prokaryotes of low (LNA) and high (HNA) nucleic acid content. The diel variability in abundance was less marked than in cell size and more apparent in autotrophs than heterotrophs. Specific growth rates were estimated by an empirical relationship from measurements obtained in bottle incubations of surface and deep samples collected in the winter compared with in situ variations in cell size over 24 h. Autotrophic picoplankton groups generally grew faster (0.23–0.77 d–1) than heterotrophic prokaryotes (0.12–0.50 d–1). Surface to 100 m depth-weighted specific growth rates displayed a clear seasonal pattern for Prochlorococcus, with maxima in winter (0.77 ± 0.07 d–1) and minima in fall (0.52 ± 0.07 d–1). The two groups of Synechococcus peaked in spring, with slightly higher growth rates of LF-Syn (0.57 ± 0.04 d–1) than HF-Syn (0.43 ± 0.04 d–1). Speuk and Lpeuk showed different seasonal patterns, with lower values of the former (0.27 ± 0.02 and 0.37 ± 0.04 d–1, respectively). HNA consistently outgrew LNA heterotrophic prokaryotes, with a higher growth in the epipelagic (0–200 m, 0.36 ± 0.03 d–1) than in the mesopelagic (200–700 m, 0.26 ± 0.03 d–1), while no differences were found for LNA cells (0.19 ± 0.03 d–1 and 0.17 ± 0.02 d–1, respectively). With all data pooled, the mean diel abundances of autotrophic picoplankton in the upper epipelagic and of HNA cells in the epipelagic and mesopelagic layers were significantly correlated with the specific growth rates estimated from cell size variations. Our high-resolution sampling dataset suggests that changes in growth rates underlie the noticeable seasonality of picoplankton recently described in these tropical waters.
format	article
author	Najwa Al-Otaibi Najwa Al-Otaibi Francisca C. García Xosé Anxelu G. Morán Xosé Anxelu G. Morán
author_facet	Najwa Al-Otaibi Najwa Al-Otaibi Francisca C. García Xosé Anxelu G. Morán Xosé Anxelu G. Morán
author_sort	Najwa Al-Otaibi
title	Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea
title_short	Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea
title_full	Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea
title_fullStr	Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea
title_full_unstemmed	Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea
title_sort	picoplankton diel variability and estimated growth rates in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters of the central red sea
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bd20e084fc2248d69fdc3ff4ab38545c
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Picoplankton Diel Variability and Estimated Growth Rates in Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Waters of the Central Red Sea

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