Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.

<h4>Purpose</h4>The guideline physical activity levels are prescribed in terms of time, frequency, and intensity (e.g., 30 minutes brisk walking, five days a week or its energy equivalence) and assume that different activities may be combined to meet targeted goals (exchangeability premi...

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Autor principal:	Paul T Williams
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bd36872b53cb444eb6c641375fdf94b4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bd36872b53cb444eb6c641375fdf94b42021-11-18T07:08:17ZDistance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0041906https://doaj.org/article/bd36872b53cb444eb6c641375fdf94b42012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22916114/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Purpose</h4>The guideline physical activity levels are prescribed in terms of time, frequency, and intensity (e.g., 30 minutes brisk walking, five days a week or its energy equivalence) and assume that different activities may be combined to meet targeted goals (exchangeability premise). Habitual runners and walkers may quantify exercise in terms of distance (km/day), and for them, the relationship between activity dose and health benefits may be better assessed in terms of distance rather than time. Analyses were therefore performed to test: 1) whether time-based or distance-based estimates of energy expenditure provide the best metric for relating running and walking to hypertensive, high cholesterol, and diabetes medication use (conditions known to be diminished by exercise), and 2) the exchangeability premise.<h4>Methods</h4>Logistic regression analyses of medication use (dependent variable) vs. metabolic equivalent hours per day (METhr/d) of running, walking and other exercise (independent variables) using cross-sectional data from the National Runners' (17,201 male, 16,173 female) and Walkers' Health Studies (3,434 male, 12,384 female).<h4>Results</h4>Estimated METhr/d of running and walking activity were 38% and 31% greater, respectively, when calculated from self-reported time than distance in men, and 43% and 37% greater in women, respectively. Percent reductions in the odds for hypertension and high cholesterol medication use per METhr/d run or per METhr/d walked were ≥ 2-fold greater when estimated from reported distance (km/wk) than from time (hr/wk). The per METhr/d odds reduction was significantly greater for the distance- than the time-based estimate for hypertension (runners: P<10(-5) for males and P=0.003 for females; walkers: P=0.03 for males and P<10(-4) for females), high cholesterol medication use in runners (P<10(-4) for males and P=0.02 for females) and male walkers (P=0.01 for males and P=0.08 for females) and for diabetes medication use in male runners (P<10(-3)).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Although causality between greater exercise and lower prevalence of hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes cannot be inferred from these cross-sectional data, the results do suggest that distance-based estimates of METhr/d run or walked provide superior metrics for epidemiological analyses to their traditional time-based estimates.Paul T WilliamsPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 8, p e41906 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Paul T Williams Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
description	<h4>Purpose</h4>The guideline physical activity levels are prescribed in terms of time, frequency, and intensity (e.g., 30 minutes brisk walking, five days a week or its energy equivalence) and assume that different activities may be combined to meet targeted goals (exchangeability premise). Habitual runners and walkers may quantify exercise in terms of distance (km/day), and for them, the relationship between activity dose and health benefits may be better assessed in terms of distance rather than time. Analyses were therefore performed to test: 1) whether time-based or distance-based estimates of energy expenditure provide the best metric for relating running and walking to hypertensive, high cholesterol, and diabetes medication use (conditions known to be diminished by exercise), and 2) the exchangeability premise.<h4>Methods</h4>Logistic regression analyses of medication use (dependent variable) vs. metabolic equivalent hours per day (METhr/d) of running, walking and other exercise (independent variables) using cross-sectional data from the National Runners' (17,201 male, 16,173 female) and Walkers' Health Studies (3,434 male, 12,384 female).<h4>Results</h4>Estimated METhr/d of running and walking activity were 38% and 31% greater, respectively, when calculated from self-reported time than distance in men, and 43% and 37% greater in women, respectively. Percent reductions in the odds for hypertension and high cholesterol medication use per METhr/d run or per METhr/d walked were ≥ 2-fold greater when estimated from reported distance (km/wk) than from time (hr/wk). The per METhr/d odds reduction was significantly greater for the distance- than the time-based estimate for hypertension (runners: P<10(-5) for males and P=0.003 for females; walkers: P=0.03 for males and P<10(-4) for females), high cholesterol medication use in runners (P<10(-4) for males and P=0.02 for females) and male walkers (P=0.01 for males and P=0.08 for females) and for diabetes medication use in male runners (P<10(-3)).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Although causality between greater exercise and lower prevalence of hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes cannot be inferred from these cross-sectional data, the results do suggest that distance-based estimates of METhr/d run or walked provide superior metrics for epidemiological analyses to their traditional time-based estimates.
format	article
author	Paul T Williams
author_facet	Paul T Williams
author_sort	Paul T Williams
title	Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
title_short	Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
title_full	Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
title_fullStr	Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
title_full_unstemmed	Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
title_sort	distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/bd36872b53cb444eb6c641375fdf94b4
work_keys_str_mv	AT paultwilliams distancewalkedandrunasimprovedmetricsovertimebasedenergyestimationinepidemiologicalstudiesandpreventionevidencefrommedicationuse
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Distance walked and run as improved metrics over time-based energy estimation in epidemiological studies and prevention; evidence from medication use.

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