Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications

In this review we discuss the beneficial effects of amino acid transport and metabolism on pre- and peri-implantation embryo development, and we consider how disturbances in these processes lead to undesirable health outcomes in adults. Proline, glutamine, glycine, and methionine transport each fost...

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Autor principal:	Lon J. Van Winkle
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	amino acid transport amino acid metabolism embryo development epigenetic modifications offspring Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bd7d6ea565844110b6729f78951cb2e7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bd7d6ea565844110b6729f78951cb2e72021-11-25T17:12:01ZAmino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications10.3390/cells101131542073-4409https://doaj.org/article/bd7d6ea565844110b6729f78951cb2e72021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3154https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409In this review we discuss the beneficial effects of amino acid transport and metabolism on pre- and peri-implantation embryo development, and we consider how disturbances in these processes lead to undesirable health outcomes in adults. Proline, glutamine, glycine, and methionine transport each foster cleavage-stage development, whereas leucine uptake by blastocysts via transport system B<sup>0,+</sup> promotes the development of trophoblast motility and the penetration of the uterine epithelium in mammalian species exhibiting invasive implantation. (Amino acid transport systems and transporters, such as B<sup>0,+</sup>, are often oddly named. The reader is urged to focus on the transporters’ functions, not their names.) B<sup>0,+</sup> also accumulates leucine and other amino acids in oocytes of species with noninvasive implantation, thus helping them to produce proteins to support later development. This difference in the timing of the expression of system B<sup>0,+</sup> is termed heterochrony—a process employed in evolution. Disturbances in leucine uptake via system B<sup>0,+</sup> in blastocysts appear to alter the subsequent development of embryos, fetuses, and placentae, with undesirable consequences for offspring. These consequences may include greater adiposity, cardiovascular dysfunction, hypertension, neural abnormalities, and altered bone growth in adults. Similarly, alterations in amino acid transport and metabolism in pluripotent cells in the blastocyst inner cell mass likely lead to epigenetic DNA and histone modifications that produce unwanted transgenerational health outcomes. Such outcomes might be avoided if we learn more about the mechanisms of these effects.Lon J. Van WinkleMDPI AGarticleamino acid transportamino acid metabolismembryo developmentepigenetic modificationsoffspringBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3154, p 3154 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	amino acid transport amino acid metabolism embryo development epigenetic modifications offspring Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	amino acid transport amino acid metabolism embryo development epigenetic modifications offspring Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Lon J. Van Winkle Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications
description	In this review we discuss the beneficial effects of amino acid transport and metabolism on pre- and peri-implantation embryo development, and we consider how disturbances in these processes lead to undesirable health outcomes in adults. Proline, glutamine, glycine, and methionine transport each foster cleavage-stage development, whereas leucine uptake by blastocysts via transport system B<sup>0,+</sup> promotes the development of trophoblast motility and the penetration of the uterine epithelium in mammalian species exhibiting invasive implantation. (Amino acid transport systems and transporters, such as B<sup>0,+</sup>, are often oddly named. The reader is urged to focus on the transporters’ functions, not their names.) B<sup>0,+</sup> also accumulates leucine and other amino acids in oocytes of species with noninvasive implantation, thus helping them to produce proteins to support later development. This difference in the timing of the expression of system B<sup>0,+</sup> is termed heterochrony—a process employed in evolution. Disturbances in leucine uptake via system B<sup>0,+</sup> in blastocysts appear to alter the subsequent development of embryos, fetuses, and placentae, with undesirable consequences for offspring. These consequences may include greater adiposity, cardiovascular dysfunction, hypertension, neural abnormalities, and altered bone growth in adults. Similarly, alterations in amino acid transport and metabolism in pluripotent cells in the blastocyst inner cell mass likely lead to epigenetic DNA and histone modifications that produce unwanted transgenerational health outcomes. Such outcomes might be avoided if we learn more about the mechanisms of these effects.
format	article
author	Lon J. Van Winkle
author_facet	Lon J. Van Winkle
author_sort	Lon J. Van Winkle
title	Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications
title_short	Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications
title_full	Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications
title_fullStr	Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications
title_full_unstemmed	Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications
title_sort	amino acid transport and metabolism regulate early embryo development: species differences, clinical significance, and evolutionary implications
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bd7d6ea565844110b6729f78951cb2e7
work_keys_str_mv	AT lonjvanwinkle aminoacidtransportandmetabolismregulateearlyembryodevelopmentspeciesdifferencesclinicalsignificanceandevolutionaryimplications
_version_	1718412674835939328

Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications

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