On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules

Nanogels—internally crosslinked macromolecules—have a growing palette of potential applications, including as drug, gene or radioisotope nanocarriers and as in vivo signaling molecules in modern diagnostics and therapy. This has triggered considerable interest in developing new methods for their syn...

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Autores principales:	Aiysha Ashfaq, Jung-Chul An, Piotr Ulański, Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	nanogels ionizing radiation intramolecular crosslinking radiation induced synthesis nanogels Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bd921ac8599d488ab55f590a25f6d4d8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bd921ac8599d488ab55f590a25f6d4d82021-11-25T18:40:30ZOn the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules10.3390/pharmaceutics131117651999-4923https://doaj.org/article/bd921ac8599d488ab55f590a25f6d4d82021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/11/1765https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4923Nanogels—internally crosslinked macromolecules—have a growing palette of potential applications, including as drug, gene or radioisotope nanocarriers and as in vivo signaling molecules in modern diagnostics and therapy. This has triggered considerable interest in developing new methods for their synthesis. The procedure based on intramolecular crosslinking of polymer radicals generated by pulses of ionizing radiation has many advantages. The substrates needed are usually simple biocompatible polymers and water. This eliminates the use of monomers, chemical crosslinking agents, initiators, surfactants, etc., thus limiting potential problems with the biocompatibility of products. This review summarizes the basics of this method, providing background information on relevant aspects of polymer solution thermodynamics, radiolysis of aqueous solutions, generation and reactions of polymer radicals, and the non-trivial kinetics and mechanism of crosslinking, focusing on the main factors influencing the outcomes of the radiation synthesis of nanogels: molecular weight of the starting polymer, its concentration, irradiation mode, absorbed dose of ionizing radiation and temperature. The most important techniques used to perform the synthesis, to study the kinetics and mechanism of the involved reactions, and to assess the physicochemical properties of the formed nanogels are presented. Two select important cases, the synthesis of nanogels based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and/or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), are discussed in more detail. Examples of recent application studies on radiation-synthesized PVP and PAA nanogels in transporting drugs across the blood–brain barrier and as targeted radioisotope carriers in nanoradiotherapy are briefly described.Aiysha AshfaqJung-Chul AnPiotr UlańskiMohamad Al-SheikhlyMDPI AGarticlenanogelsionizing radiationintramolecular crosslinkingradiation induced synthesis nanogelsPharmacy and materia medicaRS1-441ENPharmaceutics, Vol 13, Iss 1765, p 1765 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	nanogels ionizing radiation intramolecular crosslinking radiation induced synthesis nanogels Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441
spellingShingle	nanogels ionizing radiation intramolecular crosslinking radiation induced synthesis nanogels Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441 Aiysha Ashfaq Jung-Chul An Piotr Ulański Mohamad Al-Sheikhly On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules
description	Nanogels—internally crosslinked macromolecules—have a growing palette of potential applications, including as drug, gene or radioisotope nanocarriers and as in vivo signaling molecules in modern diagnostics and therapy. This has triggered considerable interest in developing new methods for their synthesis. The procedure based on intramolecular crosslinking of polymer radicals generated by pulses of ionizing radiation has many advantages. The substrates needed are usually simple biocompatible polymers and water. This eliminates the use of monomers, chemical crosslinking agents, initiators, surfactants, etc., thus limiting potential problems with the biocompatibility of products. This review summarizes the basics of this method, providing background information on relevant aspects of polymer solution thermodynamics, radiolysis of aqueous solutions, generation and reactions of polymer radicals, and the non-trivial kinetics and mechanism of crosslinking, focusing on the main factors influencing the outcomes of the radiation synthesis of nanogels: molecular weight of the starting polymer, its concentration, irradiation mode, absorbed dose of ionizing radiation and temperature. The most important techniques used to perform the synthesis, to study the kinetics and mechanism of the involved reactions, and to assess the physicochemical properties of the formed nanogels are presented. Two select important cases, the synthesis of nanogels based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and/or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), are discussed in more detail. Examples of recent application studies on radiation-synthesized PVP and PAA nanogels in transporting drugs across the blood–brain barrier and as targeted radioisotope carriers in nanoradiotherapy are briefly described.
format	article
author	Aiysha Ashfaq Jung-Chul An Piotr Ulański Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
author_facet	Aiysha Ashfaq Jung-Chul An Piotr Ulański Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
author_sort	Aiysha Ashfaq
title	On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules
title_short	On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules
title_full	On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules
title_fullStr	On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules
title_full_unstemmed	On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules
title_sort	on the mechanism and kinetics of synthesizing polymer nanogels by ionizing radiation-induced intramolecular crosslinking of macromolecules
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bd921ac8599d488ab55f590a25f6d4d8
work_keys_str_mv	AT aiyshaashfaq onthemechanismandkineticsofsynthesizingpolymernanogelsbyionizingradiationinducedintramolecularcrosslinkingofmacromolecules AT jungchulan onthemechanismandkineticsofsynthesizingpolymernanogelsbyionizingradiationinducedintramolecularcrosslinkingofmacromolecules AT piotrulanski onthemechanismandkineticsofsynthesizingpolymernanogelsbyionizingradiationinducedintramolecularcrosslinkingofmacromolecules AT mohamadalsheikhly onthemechanismandkineticsofsynthesizingpolymernanogelsbyionizingradiationinducedintramolecularcrosslinkingofmacromolecules
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On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules

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