Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus

Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a nearly ubiquitous human pathogen responsible for a significant global disease burden. No vaccine exists, so antibiotics are essential for effective treatment. Despite a lower incidence of antimicrobial resistance than many pathogens, GAS is st...

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Autores principales:	Anders F. Johnson, Christopher N. LaRock
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	group A Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes antibiotic resistance treatment failure experimental therapeutics Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bdd1697612784a05906329b61516774a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bdd1697612784a05906329b61516774a2021-11-04T06:52:28ZAntibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus1664-302X10.3389/fmicb.2021.760255https://doaj.org/article/bdd1697612784a05906329b61516774a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.760255/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-302XGroup A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a nearly ubiquitous human pathogen responsible for a significant global disease burden. No vaccine exists, so antibiotics are essential for effective treatment. Despite a lower incidence of antimicrobial resistance than many pathogens, GAS is still a top 10 cause of death due to infections worldwide. The morbidity and mortality are primarily a consequence of the immune sequelae and invasive infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. GAS has remained susceptible to penicillin and other β-lactams, despite their widespread use for 80 years. However, the failure of treatment for invasive infections with penicillin has been consistently reported since the introduction of antibiotics, and strains with reduced susceptibility to β-lactams have emerged. Furthermore, isolates responsible for outbreaks of severe infections are increasingly resistant to other antibiotics of choice, such as clindamycin and macrolides. This review focuses on the challenges in the treatment of GAS infection, the mechanisms that contribute to antibiotic failure, and adjunctive therapeutics. Further understanding of these processes will be necessary for improving the treatment of high-risk GAS infections and surveillance for non-susceptible or resistant isolates. These insights will also help guide treatments against other leading pathogens for which conventional antibiotic strategies are increasingly failing.Anders F. JohnsonChristopher N. LaRockChristopher N. LaRockChristopher N. LaRockChristopher N. LaRockFrontiers Media S.A.articlegroup A StreptococcusStreptococcus pyogenesantibiotic resistancetreatment failureexperimental therapeuticsMicrobiologyQR1-502ENFrontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	group A Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes antibiotic resistance treatment failure experimental therapeutics Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	group A Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes antibiotic resistance treatment failure experimental therapeutics Microbiology QR1-502 Anders F. Johnson Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus
description	Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a nearly ubiquitous human pathogen responsible for a significant global disease burden. No vaccine exists, so antibiotics are essential for effective treatment. Despite a lower incidence of antimicrobial resistance than many pathogens, GAS is still a top 10 cause of death due to infections worldwide. The morbidity and mortality are primarily a consequence of the immune sequelae and invasive infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. GAS has remained susceptible to penicillin and other β-lactams, despite their widespread use for 80 years. However, the failure of treatment for invasive infections with penicillin has been consistently reported since the introduction of antibiotics, and strains with reduced susceptibility to β-lactams have emerged. Furthermore, isolates responsible for outbreaks of severe infections are increasingly resistant to other antibiotics of choice, such as clindamycin and macrolides. This review focuses on the challenges in the treatment of GAS infection, the mechanisms that contribute to antibiotic failure, and adjunctive therapeutics. Further understanding of these processes will be necessary for improving the treatment of high-risk GAS infections and surveillance for non-susceptible or resistant isolates. These insights will also help guide treatments against other leading pathogens for which conventional antibiotic strategies are increasingly failing.
format	article
author	Anders F. Johnson Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock
author_facet	Anders F. Johnson Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock Christopher N. LaRock
author_sort	Anders F. Johnson
title	Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus
title_short	Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus
title_full	Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus
title_fullStr	Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus
title_full_unstemmed	Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus
title_sort	antibiotic treatment, mechanisms for failure, and adjunctive therapies for infections by group a streptococcus
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bdd1697612784a05906329b61516774a
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Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus

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