Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus

Low-ozone doses cause alterations in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms due to the increase in reactive oxygen species, alter cell signaling, and produce deleterious metabolic responses for cells. Adenosine 5′triphosphate (ATP) can act as a mediator in intercellular communication between neurons and...

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Autores principales:	Raúl Velázquez-Pérez, Erika Rodríguez-Martínez, Marlen Valdés-Fuentes, Noemí Gelista-Herrera, Nancy Gómez-Crisóstomo, Selva Rivas-Arancibia
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi Limited 2021
Materias:	Cytology QH573-671
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/beb544838b6e4c12a13b62b3918662df
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:beb544838b6e4c12a13b62b3918662df2021-11-22T01:11:40ZOxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus1942-099410.1155/2021/3790477https://doaj.org/article/beb544838b6e4c12a13b62b3918662df2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3790477https://doaj.org/toc/1942-0994Low-ozone doses cause alterations in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms due to the increase in reactive oxygen species, alter cell signaling, and produce deleterious metabolic responses for cells. Adenosine 5′triphosphate (ATP) can act as a mediator in intercellular communication between neurons and glial cells. When there is an increase in extracellular ATP, a modification is promoted in the regulation of inflammation, energy metabolism, by affecting the intracellular signaling pathways that participate in these processes. The objective of this work was to study changes in the P2X7 receptor, and their relationship with the inflammatory response and energy metabolism, in a model of progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of rats chronically exposed to low-ozone doses. Therefore, 72 male rats were exposed to low-ozone doses for different periods of time. After exposure to ozone was finished, rats were processed for immunohistochemical techniques, western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and histological techniques for periodic acid-Schiff staining. The results showed immunoreactivity changes in the amount of the P2X7 protein. There was an increase in phosphorylation for glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β) as treatment continued. There were also increases in 27 interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) and a decrease in interleukin 10 (IL-10). Furthermore, neuronal glycogen was found at 30 and 60 days, and an increase in caspase 3. An increase in mRNA was also shown for the P2X7 gene at 60 days, and GSK3-β at 90 days of exposure. In conclusion, these results suggest that repeated exposure to low-ozone doses, such as those that can occur during highly polluted days, causes a state of oxidative stress, leading to alterations in the P2X7 receptors, which promote changes in the activation of signaling pathways for inflammatory processes and cell death, converging at a progressive neurodegeneration process, as may be happening in Alzheimer’s disease.Raúl Velázquez-PérezErika Rodríguez-MartínezMarlen Valdés-FuentesNoemí Gelista-HerreraNancy Gómez-CrisóstomoSelva Rivas-ArancibiaHindawi LimitedarticleCytologyQH573-671ENOxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol 2021 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Cytology QH573-671
spellingShingle	Cytology QH573-671 Raúl Velázquez-Pérez Erika Rodríguez-Martínez Marlen Valdés-Fuentes Noemí Gelista-Herrera Nancy Gómez-Crisóstomo Selva Rivas-Arancibia Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
description	Low-ozone doses cause alterations in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms due to the increase in reactive oxygen species, alter cell signaling, and produce deleterious metabolic responses for cells. Adenosine 5′triphosphate (ATP) can act as a mediator in intercellular communication between neurons and glial cells. When there is an increase in extracellular ATP, a modification is promoted in the regulation of inflammation, energy metabolism, by affecting the intracellular signaling pathways that participate in these processes. The objective of this work was to study changes in the P2X7 receptor, and their relationship with the inflammatory response and energy metabolism, in a model of progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of rats chronically exposed to low-ozone doses. Therefore, 72 male rats were exposed to low-ozone doses for different periods of time. After exposure to ozone was finished, rats were processed for immunohistochemical techniques, western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and histological techniques for periodic acid-Schiff staining. The results showed immunoreactivity changes in the amount of the P2X7 protein. There was an increase in phosphorylation for glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β) as treatment continued. There were also increases in 27 interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) and a decrease in interleukin 10 (IL-10). Furthermore, neuronal glycogen was found at 30 and 60 days, and an increase in caspase 3. An increase in mRNA was also shown for the P2X7 gene at 60 days, and GSK3-β at 90 days of exposure. In conclusion, these results suggest that repeated exposure to low-ozone doses, such as those that can occur during highly polluted days, causes a state of oxidative stress, leading to alterations in the P2X7 receptors, which promote changes in the activation of signaling pathways for inflammatory processes and cell death, converging at a progressive neurodegeneration process, as may be happening in Alzheimer’s disease.
format	article
author	Raúl Velázquez-Pérez Erika Rodríguez-Martínez Marlen Valdés-Fuentes Noemí Gelista-Herrera Nancy Gómez-Crisóstomo Selva Rivas-Arancibia
author_facet	Raúl Velázquez-Pérez Erika Rodríguez-Martínez Marlen Valdés-Fuentes Noemí Gelista-Herrera Nancy Gómez-Crisóstomo Selva Rivas-Arancibia
author_sort	Raúl Velázquez-Pérez
title	Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
title_short	Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
title_full	Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
title_fullStr	Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
title_full_unstemmed	Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
title_sort	oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces changes in p2x7 receptors, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus
publisher	Hindawi Limited
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/beb544838b6e4c12a13b62b3918662df
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Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus

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