Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China

Data on fertilization and spatial characterization of soil chemical properties are crucial for developing sustainable apple production systems. However, such information at regional scale is scarce. We conducted a survey asking farmers in Luochuan County about their current use of fertilizers, and c...

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Autores principales:	Liyao Hou, Zhanjun Liu, Jiarui Zhao, Pengyi Ma, Xinpeng Xu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Geostatistics Apple orchard systems Overfertilization Soil quality index Land use change Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bf15252db7b34d639171f6aef692a3d2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bf15252db7b34d639171f6aef692a3d22021-12-01T04:41:40ZComprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China1470-160X10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107285https://doaj.org/article/bf15252db7b34d639171f6aef692a3d22021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X20312279https://doaj.org/toc/1470-160XData on fertilization and spatial characterization of soil chemical properties are crucial for developing sustainable apple production systems. However, such information at regional scale is scarce. We conducted a survey asking farmers in Luochuan County about their current use of fertilizers, and collected 290 soil samples from 0 to 20 cm and 20–40 cm depths, respectively, to examine the spatial variability of eight chemical properties, and analyze the possible relations between soil quality index (SQI), apple yield, and stand age. Results showed apple orchards were severely overfertilized, with chemical N-P2O5-K2O fertilizers of 1230–795–1080 kg ha−1 yr−1 and organic fertilizers applied at the rates of 74.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 66.1 kg P2O5 ha−1 yr−1, and 75.8 kg K2O ha−1 yr−1. With the exception of pH, both coefficient of variation and variogram range showed a moderate to high variability (16.5–77.7%) and spatial dependency (7.10–47.8%) for selected parameters. Distribution maps illustrated that the 0–20 cm soil depth was characterized by typically higher soil nutrient contents compared with that of 20–40 cm depth. Relative to the data observed in the 1980s, the averaged pH values decreased by ~0.20 units across 0–40 cm depth, while soil organic matter, total N, available N, P, K and Zn, and exchangeable Ca (Ex-Ca) increased markedly (26.2–508%) in the 0–20 cm depth, whilst few changes ( 9.84–178%) occurred at 20–40 cm depth. Correlation analysis revealed that Ex-Ca was the unique variable that was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with apple yield at 0–20 cm depth, suggesting the importance of soil Ex-Ca as an indicator of apple production. The relationship between apple yield and stand age was well described by a parabolic model, with ~17 years as the optimal stand age for producing the maximum apple yield. Notably, the SQI scores had significant relationships with apple yields for 8–13, 14–17 and 18–31-yr-old stands in the 0–20 cm depth, but the relationship was only significant for the 14–17-yr-old stands in the 20–40 cm depth, implying that 0–20 cm is the appropriate sampling depth for evaluating soil quality changes in apple production systems. Overall, long-term fertilization improved soil fertility of apple orchards, which required particular attention with regard to overuse of N, P and K fertilizers. Those results provide an important reference for China and other major apple-producing countries.Liyao HouZhanjun LiuJiarui ZhaoPengyi MaXinpeng XuElsevierarticleGeostatisticsApple orchard systemsOverfertilizationSoil quality indexLand use changeEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcological Indicators, Vol 122, Iss , Pp 107285- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Geostatistics Apple orchard systems Overfertilization Soil quality index Land use change Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Geostatistics Apple orchard systems Overfertilization Soil quality index Land use change Ecology QH540-549.5 Liyao Hou Zhanjun Liu Jiarui Zhao Pengyi Ma Xinpeng Xu Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China
description	Data on fertilization and spatial characterization of soil chemical properties are crucial for developing sustainable apple production systems. However, such information at regional scale is scarce. We conducted a survey asking farmers in Luochuan County about their current use of fertilizers, and collected 290 soil samples from 0 to 20 cm and 20–40 cm depths, respectively, to examine the spatial variability of eight chemical properties, and analyze the possible relations between soil quality index (SQI), apple yield, and stand age. Results showed apple orchards were severely overfertilized, with chemical N-P2O5-K2O fertilizers of 1230–795–1080 kg ha−1 yr−1 and organic fertilizers applied at the rates of 74.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 66.1 kg P2O5 ha−1 yr−1, and 75.8 kg K2O ha−1 yr−1. With the exception of pH, both coefficient of variation and variogram range showed a moderate to high variability (16.5–77.7%) and spatial dependency (7.10–47.8%) for selected parameters. Distribution maps illustrated that the 0–20 cm soil depth was characterized by typically higher soil nutrient contents compared with that of 20–40 cm depth. Relative to the data observed in the 1980s, the averaged pH values decreased by ~0.20 units across 0–40 cm depth, while soil organic matter, total N, available N, P, K and Zn, and exchangeable Ca (Ex-Ca) increased markedly (26.2–508%) in the 0–20 cm depth, whilst few changes ( 9.84–178%) occurred at 20–40 cm depth. Correlation analysis revealed that Ex-Ca was the unique variable that was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with apple yield at 0–20 cm depth, suggesting the importance of soil Ex-Ca as an indicator of apple production. The relationship between apple yield and stand age was well described by a parabolic model, with ~17 years as the optimal stand age for producing the maximum apple yield. Notably, the SQI scores had significant relationships with apple yields for 8–13, 14–17 and 18–31-yr-old stands in the 0–20 cm depth, but the relationship was only significant for the 14–17-yr-old stands in the 20–40 cm depth, implying that 0–20 cm is the appropriate sampling depth for evaluating soil quality changes in apple production systems. Overall, long-term fertilization improved soil fertility of apple orchards, which required particular attention with regard to overuse of N, P and K fertilizers. Those results provide an important reference for China and other major apple-producing countries.
format	article
author	Liyao Hou Zhanjun Liu Jiarui Zhao Pengyi Ma Xinpeng Xu
author_facet	Liyao Hou Zhanjun Liu Jiarui Zhao Pengyi Ma Xinpeng Xu
author_sort	Liyao Hou
title	Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China
title_short	Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China
title_full	Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China
title_fullStr	Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China
title_full_unstemmed	Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China
title_sort	comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: a case study in luochuan county, china
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bf15252db7b34d639171f6aef692a3d2
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Comprehensive assessment of fertilization, spatial variability of soil chemical properties, and relationships among nutrients, apple yield and orchard age: A case study in Luochuan County, China

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