Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium

Water-related diseases, particularly waterborne diseases, remain significant sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide but especially in developing countries. Emerging waterborne pathogens represent a major health risk. Cryptosporidium is one such pathogen which is globally recognized as a major...

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Autores principales:	Gilver Odilon Mendel Kombo Mpindou, Ignacio Escuder Bueno, Estela Chordà Ramón
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Cryptosporidium risk factors waterborne diseases Africa review Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bf22f588ced44790be87ff551566731a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bf22f588ced44790be87ff551566731a2021-11-11T19:52:53ZReview on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium10.3390/w132129662073-4441https://doaj.org/article/bf22f588ced44790be87ff551566731a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/2966https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Water-related diseases, particularly waterborne diseases, remain significant sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide but especially in developing countries. Emerging waterborne pathogens represent a major health risk. Cryptosporidium is one such pathogen which is globally recognized as a major cause of diarrhea in children and adults. The objective of this paper is not only to review published studies on the impact of these emerging waterborne pathogens but also to identify the various risk factors that favor their transmission. A number of envisaged and needed actions to tackle the challenge of these pathogens in Africa have also been discussed. We have searched the web of ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus. ISI Web of Science, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The first database search yielded 3099 articles. As a result, 141 studies were submitted for abstract review. A total of 68 articles were selected for full text analysis. After evaluating a considerable number of articles on this topic, the following results were obtained. A number of pathogens are likely to present public health risks, including Cryptosporidium. The contaminating potential of these pathogens is associated with a multitude of factors, such as the effects of climate change, social and behavioral aspects of local populations, water issues, geographical locations that may cause isolation, and inequalities due to lack of transparency of governments in the distribution of financial resources. We stress the need to maintain and strengthen real-time surveillance and rapid epidemiological responses to outbreaks and the emergence of new waterborne pathogens in all countries. African governments, for their part, should be aware of future risks of waterborne protozoan diseases. They must provide immediate and effective responses by establishing technical and financial mechanisms to ensure sufficient quantities of safe drinking water, sewage disposal, and hygiene for all.Gilver Odilon Mendel Kombo MpindouIgnacio Escuder BuenoEstela Chordà RamónMDPI AGarticleCryptosporidiumrisk factorswaterborne diseasesAfricareviewHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 2966, p 2966 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Cryptosporidium risk factors waterborne diseases Africa review Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	Cryptosporidium risk factors waterborne diseases Africa review Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Gilver Odilon Mendel Kombo Mpindou Ignacio Escuder Bueno Estela Chordà Ramón Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium
description	Water-related diseases, particularly waterborne diseases, remain significant sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide but especially in developing countries. Emerging waterborne pathogens represent a major health risk. Cryptosporidium is one such pathogen which is globally recognized as a major cause of diarrhea in children and adults. The objective of this paper is not only to review published studies on the impact of these emerging waterborne pathogens but also to identify the various risk factors that favor their transmission. A number of envisaged and needed actions to tackle the challenge of these pathogens in Africa have also been discussed. We have searched the web of ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus. ISI Web of Science, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The first database search yielded 3099 articles. As a result, 141 studies were submitted for abstract review. A total of 68 articles were selected for full text analysis. After evaluating a considerable number of articles on this topic, the following results were obtained. A number of pathogens are likely to present public health risks, including Cryptosporidium. The contaminating potential of these pathogens is associated with a multitude of factors, such as the effects of climate change, social and behavioral aspects of local populations, water issues, geographical locations that may cause isolation, and inequalities due to lack of transparency of governments in the distribution of financial resources. We stress the need to maintain and strengthen real-time surveillance and rapid epidemiological responses to outbreaks and the emergence of new waterborne pathogens in all countries. African governments, for their part, should be aware of future risks of waterborne protozoan diseases. They must provide immediate and effective responses by establishing technical and financial mechanisms to ensure sufficient quantities of safe drinking water, sewage disposal, and hygiene for all.
format	article
author	Gilver Odilon Mendel Kombo Mpindou Ignacio Escuder Bueno Estela Chordà Ramón
author_facet	Gilver Odilon Mendel Kombo Mpindou Ignacio Escuder Bueno Estela Chordà Ramón
author_sort	Gilver Odilon Mendel Kombo Mpindou
title	Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium
title_short	Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium
title_full	Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium
title_fullStr	Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium
title_full_unstemmed	Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium
title_sort	review on emerging waterborne pathogens in africa: the case of cryptosporidium
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bf22f588ced44790be87ff551566731a
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Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium

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