Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana

Bernard Omech,1 Jose-Gaby Tshikuka,2 Julius C Mwita,1 Billy Tsima,2 Oathokwa Nkomazana,3 Kennedy Amone-P’Olak4 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, 3Department of Surgery, 4Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana B...

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Autores principales:	Omech B, Tshikuka JG, Mwita JC, Tsima B, Nkomazana O, Amone-P'Olak K
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2016
Materias:	Metabolic syndrome Determinants General medical outpatient clinics Botswana Specialties of internal medicine RC581-951
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bf74d4ce645b438c8c551fd92bebaf83
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bf74d4ce645b438c8c551fd92bebaf832021-12-02T00:43:29ZPrevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana1178-7007https://doaj.org/article/bf74d4ce645b438c8c551fd92bebaf832016-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/prevalence--and-determinants-of-metabolic-syndrome-a-cross-sectional-s-peer-reviewed-article-DMSOhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-7007Bernard Omech,1 Jose-Gaby Tshikuka,2 Julius C Mwita,1 Billy Tsima,2 Oathokwa Nkomazana,3 Kennedy Amone-P’Olak4 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, 3Department of Surgery, 4Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Background: Low- and middle-income countries, including Botswana, are facing rising prevalence of obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic complications. Very little information is known about clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the outpatient setting during routine visits. We aimed to assess the prevalence and identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome among the general outpatients’ attendances in Botswana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2014 involving outpatients aged ≥20 years without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A precoded questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ sociodemographics, risk factors, and anthropometric indices. Fasting blood samples were drawn and analyzed for glucose and lipid profile. Metabolic syndrome was assessed using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results: In total, 291 participants were analyzed, of whom 216 (74.2%) were females. The mean age of the total population was 50.1 (±11) years. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.1% (n=79), with no significant difference between the sexes (female =29.6%, males =20%, P=0.11). A triad of central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure constituted the largest proportion (38 [13.1%]) of cases of metabolic syndrome, followed by a combination of low high-density lipoprotein, elevated triglycerides, central obesity, and elevated blood pressure, with 17 (5.8%) cases. Independent determinants of metabolic syndrome were antihypertensive use and increased waist circumference. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general medical outpatients clinics. Proactive approaches are needed to screen and manage cases targeting its most important predictors. Keywords: metabolic syndrome, determinants, general medical outpatient clinics, BotswanaOmech BTshikuka JGMwita JCTsima BNkomazana OAmone-P'Olak KDove Medical PressarticleMetabolic syndromeDeterminantsGeneral medical outpatient clinicsBotswanaSpecialties of internal medicineRC581-951ENDiabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Vol Volume 9, Pp 273-279 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Metabolic syndrome Determinants General medical outpatient clinics Botswana Specialties of internal medicine RC581-951
spellingShingle	Metabolic syndrome Determinants General medical outpatient clinics Botswana Specialties of internal medicine RC581-951 Omech B Tshikuka JG Mwita JC Tsima B Nkomazana O Amone-P'Olak K Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
description	Bernard Omech,1 Jose-Gaby Tshikuka,2 Julius C Mwita,1 Billy Tsima,2 Oathokwa Nkomazana,3 Kennedy Amone-P’Olak4 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, 3Department of Surgery, 4Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Background: Low- and middle-income countries, including Botswana, are facing rising prevalence of obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic complications. Very little information is known about clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the outpatient setting during routine visits. We aimed to assess the prevalence and identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome among the general outpatients’ attendances in Botswana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2014 involving outpatients aged ≥20 years without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A precoded questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ sociodemographics, risk factors, and anthropometric indices. Fasting blood samples were drawn and analyzed for glucose and lipid profile. Metabolic syndrome was assessed using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results: In total, 291 participants were analyzed, of whom 216 (74.2%) were females. The mean age of the total population was 50.1 (±11) years. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.1% (n=79), with no significant difference between the sexes (female =29.6%, males =20%, P=0.11). A triad of central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure constituted the largest proportion (38 [13.1%]) of cases of metabolic syndrome, followed by a combination of low high-density lipoprotein, elevated triglycerides, central obesity, and elevated blood pressure, with 17 (5.8%) cases. Independent determinants of metabolic syndrome were antihypertensive use and increased waist circumference. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general medical outpatients clinics. Proactive approaches are needed to screen and manage cases targeting its most important predictors. Keywords: metabolic syndrome, determinants, general medical outpatient clinics, Botswana
format	article
author	Omech B Tshikuka JG Mwita JC Tsima B Nkomazana O Amone-P'Olak K
author_facet	Omech B Tshikuka JG Mwita JC Tsima B Nkomazana O Amone-P'Olak K
author_sort	Omech B
title	Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
title_short	Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
title_full	Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
title_fullStr	Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
title_full_unstemmed	Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
title_sort	prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using national cholesterol education program-adult treatment panel iii criteria in botswana
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/bf74d4ce645b438c8c551fd92bebaf83
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Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana

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