Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications

A water-in-diesel microwave sensor based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave applicator is designed and characterized in this study. The interaction between the microwave electromagnetic field and the diesel fuel contaminated with small concentrations of water is obtained via suitabl...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Antonella Maria Loconsole, Vito Vincenzo Francione, Vincenza Portosi, Onofrio Losito, Michele Catalano, Attilio Di Nisio, Filippo Attivissimo, Francesco Prudenzano
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave sensor water-in-fuel monitoring Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bf8f2dd3b4cd4769974c6ae3ed797a9a
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:bf8f2dd3b4cd4769974c6ae3ed797a9a
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bf8f2dd3b4cd4769974c6ae3ed797a9a2021-11-11T15:24:19ZSubstrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications10.3390/app1121104542076-3417https://doaj.org/article/bf8f2dd3b4cd4769974c6ae3ed797a9a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10454https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417A water-in-diesel microwave sensor based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave applicator is designed and characterized in this study. The interaction between the microwave electromagnetic field and the diesel fuel contaminated with small concentrations of water is obtained via suitable radiating slots placed on the top of an SIW waveguiding structure. The SIW applicator working frequency is chosen by observing the behavior of the complex dielectric permittivity of the fuel–water blend based on a preliminary wide band investigation. The performances of the SIW microwave sensor are evaluated in terms of scattering parameter modulus <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>\|</mo><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mn>21</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>\|</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> as a function of the water concentration in ppm. The best sensitivity <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mrow><mo>\|</mo><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mn>21</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>\|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>ρ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>1.42</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mdB</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ppm</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is obtained at a frequency of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>9.76</mn><mo> </mo><mi>GHz</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with a coefficient of determination <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.94</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The sensor is low-cost, low profile and ensures a good sensitivity for constant and real-time monitoring.Antonella Maria LoconsoleVito Vincenzo FrancioneVincenza PortosiOnofrio LositoMichele CatalanoAttilio Di NisioFilippo AttivissimoFrancesco PrudenzanoMDPI AGarticlesubstrate integrated waveguide (SIW)microwave sensorwater-in-fuel monitoringTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10454, p 10454 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave sensor water-in-fuel monitoring Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave sensor water-in-fuel monitoring Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Antonella Maria Loconsole Vito Vincenzo Francione Vincenza Portosi Onofrio Losito Michele Catalano Attilio Di Nisio Filippo Attivissimo Francesco Prudenzano Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications
description	A water-in-diesel microwave sensor based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave applicator is designed and characterized in this study. The interaction between the microwave electromagnetic field and the diesel fuel contaminated with small concentrations of water is obtained via suitable radiating slots placed on the top of an SIW waveguiding structure. The SIW applicator working frequency is chosen by observing the behavior of the complex dielectric permittivity of the fuel–water blend based on a preliminary wide band investigation. The performances of the SIW microwave sensor are evaluated in terms of scattering parameter modulus <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>\|</mo><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mn>21</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>\|</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> as a function of the water concentration in ppm. The best sensitivity <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mrow><mo>\|</mo><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mn>21</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>\|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>ρ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>1.42</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mdB</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ppm</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is obtained at a frequency of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>9.76</mn><mo> </mo><mi>GHz</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with a coefficient of determination <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.94</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The sensor is low-cost, low profile and ensures a good sensitivity for constant and real-time monitoring.
format	article
author	Antonella Maria Loconsole Vito Vincenzo Francione Vincenza Portosi Onofrio Losito Michele Catalano Attilio Di Nisio Filippo Attivissimo Francesco Prudenzano
author_facet	Antonella Maria Loconsole Vito Vincenzo Francione Vincenza Portosi Onofrio Losito Michele Catalano Attilio Di Nisio Filippo Attivissimo Francesco Prudenzano
author_sort	Antonella Maria Loconsole
title	Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications
title_short	Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications
title_full	Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications
title_fullStr	Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications
title_full_unstemmed	Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications
title_sort	substrate-integrated waveguide microwave sensor for water-in-diesel fuel applications
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/bf8f2dd3b4cd4769974c6ae3ed797a9a
work_keys_str_mv	AT antonellamarialoconsole substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT vitovincenzofrancione substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT vincenzaportosi substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT onofriolosito substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT michelecatalano substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT attiliodinisio substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT filippoattivissimo substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications AT francescoprudenzano substrateintegratedwaveguidemicrowavesensorforwaterindieselfuelapplications
_version_	1718435389567401984

Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications

Ejemplares similares