A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT Many bacteria are motile only when nutrients are scarce. In contrast, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is motile only when nutrients are plentiful, suggesting that this bacterium uses motility for purposes other than foraging, most likely for host colonization. In this study, we inve...

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Autores principales:	Santosh Koirala, Patrick Mears, Martin Sim, Ido Golding, Yann R. Chemla, Phillip D. Aldridge, Christopher V. Rao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2014
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/bfddc0d189cf45088d25a0d28907bfa2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:bfddc0d189cf45088d25a0d28907bfa22021-11-15T15:45:54ZA Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium10.1128/mBio.01611-142150-7511https://doaj.org/article/bfddc0d189cf45088d25a0d28907bfa22014-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01611-14https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Many bacteria are motile only when nutrients are scarce. In contrast, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is motile only when nutrients are plentiful, suggesting that this bacterium uses motility for purposes other than foraging, most likely for host colonization. In this study, we investigated how nutrients affect motility in S. enterica and found that they tune the fraction of motile cells. In particular, we observed coexisting populations of motile and nonmotile cells, with the distribution being determined by the concentration of nutrients in the growth medium. Interestingly, S. enterica responds not to a single nutrient but apparently to a complex mixture of them. Using a combination of experimentation and mathematical modeling, we investigated the mechanism governing this behavior and found that it results from two antagonizing regulatory proteins, FliZ and YdiV. We also found that a positive feedback loop involving the alternate sigma factor FliA is required, although its role appears solely to amplify FliZ expression. We further demonstrate that the response is bistable: that is, genetically identical cells can exhibit different phenotypes under identical growth conditions. Together, these results uncover a new facet of the regulation of the flagellar genes in S. enterica and further demonstrate how bacteria employ phenotypic diversity as a general mechanism for adapting to change in their environment. IMPORTANCE Many bacteria employ flagella for motility. These bacteria are often not constitutively motile but become so only in response to specific environmental cues. The most common is nutrient starvation. Interestingly, in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, nutrients enhance the expression of flagella, suggesting that motility is used for purposes other than foraging. In this work, we investigated how nutrients affect motility in S. enterica and found that nutrients tune the fraction of motile cells within a population. Using both experimental and mathematical analysis, we determined the mechanism governing this tunable response. We further demonstrated that the response is bistable: that is, genetically identical cells can exhibit different phenotypes under identical growth conditions. These results reveal a new facet of motility in S. enterica and demonstrate that nutrients determine not only where these bacteria swim but also the fraction of them that do so.Santosh KoiralaPatrick MearsMartin SimIdo GoldingYann R. ChemlaPhillip D. AldridgeChristopher V. RaoAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 5, Iss 5 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Santosh Koirala Patrick Mears Martin Sim Ido Golding Yann R. Chemla Phillip D. Aldridge Christopher V. Rao A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium
description	ABSTRACT Many bacteria are motile only when nutrients are scarce. In contrast, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is motile only when nutrients are plentiful, suggesting that this bacterium uses motility for purposes other than foraging, most likely for host colonization. In this study, we investigated how nutrients affect motility in S. enterica and found that they tune the fraction of motile cells. In particular, we observed coexisting populations of motile and nonmotile cells, with the distribution being determined by the concentration of nutrients in the growth medium. Interestingly, S. enterica responds not to a single nutrient but apparently to a complex mixture of them. Using a combination of experimentation and mathematical modeling, we investigated the mechanism governing this behavior and found that it results from two antagonizing regulatory proteins, FliZ and YdiV. We also found that a positive feedback loop involving the alternate sigma factor FliA is required, although its role appears solely to amplify FliZ expression. We further demonstrate that the response is bistable: that is, genetically identical cells can exhibit different phenotypes under identical growth conditions. Together, these results uncover a new facet of the regulation of the flagellar genes in S. enterica and further demonstrate how bacteria employ phenotypic diversity as a general mechanism for adapting to change in their environment. IMPORTANCE Many bacteria employ flagella for motility. These bacteria are often not constitutively motile but become so only in response to specific environmental cues. The most common is nutrient starvation. Interestingly, in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, nutrients enhance the expression of flagella, suggesting that motility is used for purposes other than foraging. In this work, we investigated how nutrients affect motility in S. enterica and found that nutrients tune the fraction of motile cells within a population. Using both experimental and mathematical analysis, we determined the mechanism governing this tunable response. We further demonstrated that the response is bistable: that is, genetically identical cells can exhibit different phenotypes under identical growth conditions. These results reveal a new facet of motility in S. enterica and demonstrate that nutrients determine not only where these bacteria swim but also the fraction of them that do so.
format	article
author	Santosh Koirala Patrick Mears Martin Sim Ido Golding Yann R. Chemla Phillip D. Aldridge Christopher V. Rao
author_facet	Santosh Koirala Patrick Mears Martin Sim Ido Golding Yann R. Chemla Phillip D. Aldridge Christopher V. Rao
author_sort	Santosh Koirala
title	A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium
title_short	A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium
title_full	A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium
title_fullStr	A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium
title_full_unstemmed	A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium
title_sort	nutrient-tunable bistable switch controls motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">salmonella enterica</named-content> serovar typhimurium
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/bfddc0d189cf45088d25a0d28907bfa2
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A Nutrient-Tunable Bistable Switch Controls Motility in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Salmonella enterica</named-content> Serovar Typhimurium

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