Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo

Very recently, the genome of the modern durum wheat cv. Svevo was fully sequenced, and its assembly is publicly available. So, we exploited the opportunity to carry out an in-depth study for the systematic characterization of the γ-gliadin gene family in the cv. Svevo by combining a bioinformatic ap...

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Autores principales:	Roberta Paris, Giuseppe Petruzzino, Michele Savino, Vanessa De Simone, Donatella B. M. Ficco, Daniela Trono
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	celiac disease celiac epitopes durum wheat gamma-gliadins gene family protein expression Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c0aaa662703648d4bd9800205ffd285f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c0aaa662703648d4bd9800205ffd285f2021-11-25T17:41:27ZGenome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo10.3390/genes121117432073-4425https://doaj.org/article/c0aaa662703648d4bd9800205ffd285f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/11/1743https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4425Very recently, the genome of the modern durum wheat cv. Svevo was fully sequenced, and its assembly is publicly available. So, we exploited the opportunity to carry out an in-depth study for the systematic characterization of the γ-gliadin gene family in the cv. Svevo by combining a bioinformatic approach with transcript and protein analysis. We found that the γ-gliadin family consists of nine genes that include seven functional genes and two pseudogenes. Three genes, <i>Gli-γ1a</i>, <i>Gli-γ3a</i> and <i>Gli-γ4a</i>, and the pseudogene <i>Gli-γ2a</i> mapped on the A genome, whereas the remaining four genes, <i>Gli-γ1b</i>, <i>Gli-γ2b</i>, <i>Gli-γ3b</i> and <i>Gli-γ5b</i>, and the pseudogene <i>Gli-γ4b</i> mapped on the B genome. The functional γ-gliadins presented all six domains and eight-cysteine residues typical of γ-gliadins. The Gli-γ1b also presented an additional cysteine that could possibly have a role in the formation of the gluten network through binding to HMW glutenins. The γ-gliadins from the A and B genome differed in their celiac disease (CD) epitope content and composition, with the γ-gliadins from the B genome showing the highest frequency of CD epitopes. In all the cases, almost all the CD epitopes clustered in the central region of the γ-gliadin proteins. Transcript analysis during seed development revealed that all the functional γ-gliadin genes were expressed with a similar pattern, although significant differences in the transcript levels were observed among individual genes that were sometimes more than 60-fold. A progressive accumulation of the γ-gliadin fraction was observed in the ripening seeds that reached 34% of the total gliadin fraction at harvest maturity. We believe that the insights generated in the present study could aid further studies on gliadin protein functions and future breeding programs aimed at the selection of new healthier durum wheat genotypes.Roberta ParisGiuseppe PetruzzinoMichele SavinoVanessa De SimoneDonatella B. M. FiccoDaniela TronoMDPI AGarticleceliac diseaseceliac epitopesdurum wheatgamma-gliadinsgene familyprotein expressionGeneticsQH426-470ENGenes, Vol 12, Iss 1743, p 1743 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	celiac disease celiac epitopes durum wheat gamma-gliadins gene family protein expression Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	celiac disease celiac epitopes durum wheat gamma-gliadins gene family protein expression Genetics QH426-470 Roberta Paris Giuseppe Petruzzino Michele Savino Vanessa De Simone Donatella B. M. Ficco Daniela Trono Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo
description	Very recently, the genome of the modern durum wheat cv. Svevo was fully sequenced, and its assembly is publicly available. So, we exploited the opportunity to carry out an in-depth study for the systematic characterization of the γ-gliadin gene family in the cv. Svevo by combining a bioinformatic approach with transcript and protein analysis. We found that the γ-gliadin family consists of nine genes that include seven functional genes and two pseudogenes. Three genes, <i>Gli-γ1a</i>, <i>Gli-γ3a</i> and <i>Gli-γ4a</i>, and the pseudogene <i>Gli-γ2a</i> mapped on the A genome, whereas the remaining four genes, <i>Gli-γ1b</i>, <i>Gli-γ2b</i>, <i>Gli-γ3b</i> and <i>Gli-γ5b</i>, and the pseudogene <i>Gli-γ4b</i> mapped on the B genome. The functional γ-gliadins presented all six domains and eight-cysteine residues typical of γ-gliadins. The Gli-γ1b also presented an additional cysteine that could possibly have a role in the formation of the gluten network through binding to HMW glutenins. The γ-gliadins from the A and B genome differed in their celiac disease (CD) epitope content and composition, with the γ-gliadins from the B genome showing the highest frequency of CD epitopes. In all the cases, almost all the CD epitopes clustered in the central region of the γ-gliadin proteins. Transcript analysis during seed development revealed that all the functional γ-gliadin genes were expressed with a similar pattern, although significant differences in the transcript levels were observed among individual genes that were sometimes more than 60-fold. A progressive accumulation of the γ-gliadin fraction was observed in the ripening seeds that reached 34% of the total gliadin fraction at harvest maturity. We believe that the insights generated in the present study could aid further studies on gliadin protein functions and future breeding programs aimed at the selection of new healthier durum wheat genotypes.
format	article
author	Roberta Paris Giuseppe Petruzzino Michele Savino Vanessa De Simone Donatella B. M. Ficco Daniela Trono
author_facet	Roberta Paris Giuseppe Petruzzino Michele Savino Vanessa De Simone Donatella B. M. Ficco Daniela Trono
author_sort	Roberta Paris
title	Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo
title_short	Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo
title_full	Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo
title_fullStr	Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo
title_full_unstemmed	Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo
title_sort	genome-wide identification, characterization and expression pattern analysis of the γ-gliadin gene family in the durum wheat (<i>triticum durum</i> desf.) cultivar svevo
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c0aaa662703648d4bd9800205ffd285f
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Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Pattern Analysis of the γ-Gliadin Gene Family in the Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) Cultivar Svevo

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